From Cave Paintings to the Internet A Chronological and Thematic Database on the History of Information and Media Computing & Medicine / Biology Outline

Computing within the Context of Biology
(1844)

The First Instance of a Printing Calculator Used Extensively to do Original Work
(1864)

A Librarian Suggests the Idea for Electric Punched Card Tabulating
(1882)

The Basis for Computed Tomography
(1917)

First Application of Electric Punched Card Tabulating Equipment in Crystal Structure Analysis
(1941 – 1946)

The First Mathematical Model of a Neural Network
(1943)

"The Program has to Build the Machinery to Execute Itself"
(1944)

Cybernetics
(1948)

Comparison of Computers and the Human Brain
(September 20, 1948)

One of the Earliest Projects in Library Automation
(April 1949)

Comparing the Functions of Genes to Self-Reproducing Automata
(September 20 – September 20, 1949)

The First Application of an Electronic Computer to Molecular or Structural Biology
(July 9 – July 12, 1951)

The Beginning of Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
(1953)

The Idea of a Genetic Code
(1954)

Intelligence Amplification by Machines
(1956)

First International Congress on Cybernetics
(June 26 – June 29, 1956)

On Protein Synthesis
(September 1957)

The First Solution of the Three-Dimensional Molecular Structure of a Protein
(1958 – 1960)

Early Expert Systems for Medical Diagnosis
(July 3, 1959)

The First Self-Contained Internally Powered Artificial Pacemake Implanted in a Human
(1960)

Bionics
(September 13 – September 15, 1960)

The Genetic Code
(1961)

Changes in Tissue Density Can be Computed
(1963)

The First Large Scale Computer-Based Retrospective Search Service Available to the General Public
(January 1964)

First Consumer Product with an Integrated Circuit
(February 14, 1964)

Invention of Digital Image Processing
(1966)

First System for Interactive Display of Molecular Structures
(1966)

Invention of Three-Dimensional Image Processing
(January 1968)

CT
(1971)

First Patent for MRI
(March 17, 1972)

The First Practical Method for Cloning a Gene
(1973)

The Beginnings of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(1973)

The First Whole-Body CT Scanner
(1973)

Code of Fair Information Practice
(July 1973)

Foundation of the Biotechnology Industry
(1974)

Genetech is Founded
(April 7, 1976)

A Technique for Sequencing DNA
(1977)

The Sanger Method of Rapid DNA Sequencing
(1977)

Making MRI Feasible
(1977)

Blade Runner
(1982)

The First Whole Genome Shotgun Sequence
(1982)

Origins of the Human Genome Project
(December 1984 – April 1987)

The First Semi-Automatic DNA Sequencer
(1986)

The First DNA Sequencing Machine
(1987)

Proposals to Sequence the Human Genome
(1987)

Expressed Sequence Tags
(1991)

Venter Founds TIGR
(1992)

Venter Founds Celera Genomics
(May 1998)

IBM's Blue Gene
(December 1999)

The Most Extensive Computation Ever Undertaken in Biology
(June 26, 2000)

IBM Forms a Life Sciences Division
(August 2000)

Publication of the Human Genome Sequence
(February 15 – February 16, 2001)

Attempting to Use an Ink-Jet Printer to Print Living Tissue. . . .
(2005)

The Genetic Code of Avian Flu Virus H5N1 is Deciphered
(October 5, 2005)

Using Currency Movements to Predict the Spread of Infectious Disease
(January 26, 2006)

Data-Storing Bacteria Could Last Thousands of Years
(February 27, 2007)

Watson's Genome
(May 31, 2007)

Discovery of a Set of Mutations that Might Have Caused a Cancer
(November 6, 2008)

Analysis of Web Search Queries Track the Spread of Flu Faster than Traditional Surveillance Methods
(November 11, 2008)

Scientists Sequence Woolly Mammoth Genome--the First of an Extinct Animal
(November 19, 2008)

Using Automation to Find "Fundamental Laws of Nature"
(April 3, 2009)

Robot Scientist becomes the First Machine to Discover New Scientific Knowledge
(April 3, 2009)

Using Air Traffic and Currency Tracking Data in Epidemiology
(May 3, 2009)

The Cost of DeCoding a Human Genome Drops to $50,000
(August 10, 2009)

"The Data-Driven Life"
(April 20, 2010)