As of 1990 about twenty volumes containing perhaps a fifth of the Corpus were published. Although the principles of the edition varied somewhat over the 75 year course of the project, all volumes represent a decisive advance over Kühn (No. 28). Important treatises accompanied by English translations include: Galen on the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, edited and translated by Phillip De Lacy, C.M.G. V, 4, 1, 2, 3 vols., 1978-84. Galen on Prognosis, edited and translated by Vivian Nutton, C.M.G. V, 8, 1, 1979. Galen on examinations by which the best physicians are recognized, edited in Arabic and translated by Albert Iskandar, C.M.G. Supplementum Orientale IV, 1988.

In papers 2 and 3 of this set of 3 contiguously published papers Hewson was the first to describe fibrinogen. "Before Hewson, although the fibrin mesh had been recognised and admired from as far back as Plato, it was thought that the secret of clotting lay in the red cells rather than the plasma. Hewson had ample opportunity to study coagulation; so common was the practice of ‘cupping’. He saw it clot as he beat it with a glass rod, thought that clotting was accelerated when blood came in contact with air (a theory disproved by John Hunter who showed that it could occur in a vacuum) and postulated that the its secret lay in the ‘coagulable lymph’ as he described plasma, making him the first to describe fibrinogen" (Derek Doyle, "William Hewson (1739-74): the father of haematology", British Journal of Haematology, April 2006.

Discovery of the second thyroid hormone, triiodothyronine. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

Locock, physician accoucheur to Queen Victoria, recommended bromide of potassium in the treatment of epilepsy.

Pioneer application of efficiency engineering principles to hospital administration, made over a two year period. Codman was responsible for the “end result idea”. This revolutionary concept, which seems so obvious today, was that a hospital should follow every patient it treats long enough to determine whether or not the treatment was successful. If the treatment was not successful the cause of failure should be determined in order to prevent similar failures in the future. Codman was exceptionally outspoken in his views. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Codman first presented this paper publicly on May 20, 1914 at the 39th annual meeting of the American Gynecological Society. It was later published by the Society as "Study on hospital efficiency as represented by product," Trans. Amer. Gyn. Soc., 39, 60-95. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link. Codman was undoubtedly aware that his contributions to efficiency in hospital administration needed to reach an audience far wider than the limited readership of the American Gynecological Society. He did not wait for the printed version of that lecture to appear in the society's journal. Instead, he had the text privately printed in Boston with the date May 10, 1914 (10 days before he presented his paper). The privately printed version was entitled A study in hospital efficiency as demonstrated by the case report of the first two years of a private hospital. This version had 27, [1] pp. and appeared in printed wrappers. It was printed by Thomas Todd Co., Boston. This version may be considered the first edition.

Codman next issued this work in the form of an expanded 43-page undated pamphlet in 1915 or 1916. For this version, which may be considered a second edition, Codman revised the title slightly to read Study in hospital efficiency: As demonstrated by the case report of the second two years of a private hospital. Boston: Privately Printed, 1915. The printed text is dated October 19,1915 on the last leaf. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link. 

Codman expanded and reissued this work in an undated third edition, changing the title to read A study in hospital efficiency: As demonstrated by the case report of the first five years of a private hospital. That edition, expanded to 179pp., contained references through January 1918 (p. 68). Digital facsimile of the 1918 edition from the Internet Archive at this link.  A brief review of it was published in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, CLXXVIII, No., 4, 125 (January 24, 1918). When this third edition was published it contained a tipped-in slip reading:
“This Report will be sent gratis to any member of the American College of Surgeons or to any member of the Massachusetts Medical Society.  To others the price will be one dollar.  When you are through with this copy, kindly hand it to some other person—preferably to a Hospital Trustee.”

Codman died in 1940. After his death copies of the third edition were distributed in a blue cloth binding with a printed label pasted to the inside of the front cover. That label reads:
“This book is sent to you as an officer of the Massachusetts General Hospital, in fulfillment of a special request made by Dr. Codman shortly before his death on November 23rd, 1940.”

Because Codman's ideas became known mainly through his privately printed versions, one or more of those privately printed, and difficult to cite versions, rather than the journal publication, are nearly always cited. 

(Thanks to Malcolm Kottler for unraveling the order of Codman's publications of his "end result idea.")

First demonstration of the experimental inoculability of syphilis. The information is given in a discussion on the subject by the Society of Physicians of the Palatinate; it appeared anonymously, without title, and identity of the writer was not disclosed until fifty years later. See the footnote on page 585 of Garrison’s Introduction for further details; a biographical note appears in Derm. Z., 1913, 20, 220-23.

Kriloff made extensive observations on the sounds which Korotkov had shown to be emitted by the blood after removal of the Riva-Rocci air-pressure cuff during the blood-pressure measurement.

Babington was responsible for the introduction of laryngoscopy. He demonstrated a crude “glottiscope” to the Hunterian Society on March 18, 1829, but his effort attracted little attention.

Experimental atherosclerosis produced by a cholesterol-rich diet of whole milk, egg yolks, and meat. French translation as" Influence de la nourriture animale sur l'organisme des lapins," Arch. Méd. exp. Anat. path.,1908, 20,1-20. German translation as "Wirkung des tierischen nahrung auf den kaninchenorganismus," Ber. Milit. Med. Akad. 1908, 16, 154–76.

First attempt at improving hearing by fenestration. No title; forms part of a paper by R. Passe.

Sutton named and described alcoholic delirium tremens, differentiating the condition from phrenitis. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Includes first clinical and pathological study of hyperplasia of the endometrium. Cullen is remembered eponymically for “Cullen’s sign”, a discoloration of the skin about the umbilicus, regarded as a sign of ruptured ectopic gestation. See Nos. 6220 & 6124.1.

Sanskrit text. Authorities vary as to the date of Charaka. He is said to have lived at times varying between 800 BCE and 78 CE. The Samhita, or Sanhita, is one of the most ancient and complete systems of Hindu medicine to have survived. It is arranged in the form of dialogues between master and pupil and is divided into eight books. Charaka’s writing is superior to that of Susruta in the accuracy of his descriptions. What Susruta is to surgery, Charaka is to medicine.

Translations of Chinese treatises on pulse medicine with illustrations of hands and wrists to illustrate pulse-taking. The texts published here are different from those published by Cleyer in No. 6492. Previously published in Misc. cur. Acad. Nat. Cur. (Nürnberg), Dec. II, 4, 1686, 1-144. Digital facsimile of the 1686 edition from Biusante.Parisdescartes.fr at this link.

Preparation and laboratory tests of pyrimethamine. With L. G. Goodwin, G. H. Hutchings, I. M. Rollo, and P. B. Russell.

Description of the calcified cysts of trichinosis in human muscle. (A brief notice with no title).

First description of the Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome (Nos. 4685-86). Abstract of post mortem report, no title.

Needle puncture of bone marrow biopsy. (In Russian.) German account in Folia haemat. (Lpz.), 1929, 38, 233-40. English translation from the German in Bick, Classics of orthopaedics, 339-44.

The first original study of acupuncture published in North America, and one of the earliest American publications on the alleviation of pain. Franklin Bache, great-grandson of Benjamin Franklin, was the first American to perform original research on acupuncture. 

"As assistant physician at the state penitentiary in Philadelphia, Bache determined in 1825 to test acupuncture on the prisoners whom he was called upon to serve. With the aid of a colleague, he used the needles to treat 12 different prisoners who were suffering from highly painful afflictions: three with muscular rheumatism, four with 'chronic pains,' three with neuralgia, and two with ophthalmia. He also used acupuncture among the prisoners in relieving several lesser pains, including a headache accompanying bilious fever, the head pain of an epileptic, an elastic tumor near the elbow joint, and a dull pain caused by pulmonic inflammation.

"Bache reported varying successes. In summarizing 17 subsequent cases, some of which were not among the prisoners, he noted that seven "were completely cured, seven considerably relieved, and in the remaining three cases, the remedy produced no effect" (Cassedy, "Early uses of acupuncture in the United States, with an addendum (1826) by Franklin Bache, M.D.," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 50 [1974] 892-906).

Bilingual text, richly illustrated in color, on the great illustrated works in the history of dermatology.

Issued in 1271 A. H. (1854 CE), this entirely lithographed book introduced Western anatomical illustration to Persian culture. As part of an effort to modernize medical education in Persia, medical textbooks such as Mirza Mohammad-Vali’s Illumination of the Fundamentals of Medicine were written or translated by Persian authors and printed by lithography for publication by the Dar al-Fonun or the Dar al-Tabae, the state printing house established in the 1840s. Mirza Mohammad-Vali, who had been named chief physician of the Persian army in 1852, was also supervisor of the physicians at the Government Hospital and most likely taught at the Dar al-Fonun. Mirza Mohammad’s dependence on Western sources in this early period of modern Persian medical education is evident in his book’s numerous anatomical illustrations, adapted from Vesalius, Scarpa, Fabrici and other European authors. Afkhami, “Epidemics and the emergence of an international sanitary policy in Iran,” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 19 (1999): 122-134. Shcheglova, Olimpiada P. “Lithography i. In Persia.” Encyclopaedia Iranica. N.p., 15 Aug. 2009, accessed 04-24-2015). Ebrahimnejad, Medicine, Public Health and the Qajar State: Patterns of Modernization in Nineteenth-Century Iran (2004) 51. For a more detailed annotation see the entry in HistoryofInformation.com at this link.

The first translation of any Western medical text into Japanese. "Kaitai Shinsho represented the beginning of two epoch-making developments. First and most directly Gempaku's work set in motion the modern transformation of Japanese medicine, revealing not only many anatomical structures hitherto unknown in traditional [Japanese] medicine, but also and more fundamentally introducing the very notion of an anatomical approach to the body--the idea of visual inspection in dissection as the primary and most essential way of understanding the nature of the human body. Second and more generally, Kaitai Shinsho inspired the rise of Dutch studies (Rangaku) in Japan, thus giving birth to one of the most decisive influences shaping modern Japanese history, namely the study of Western languages and science" (S. Kuriyama, " Between Mind and Eye: Japanese Anatomy in the Eighteenth Century," IN: Leslie & Young [eds.] Paths to Asian Medical Knowledge [1992] 21).

Kaitai Shinsho was drawn largely from Gerard Dieten's 1773 Dutch translation of Johann Adam Kulmus's Anatomische Tabellen (1731) although its Western-style title-age was copied from Valverde's Vivae imagines partium porporis (1566), and the last four anatomical woodcuts were taken from the 1690 Dutch edition of Bidloo's anatomy. Images from Kaitai Shinsho from the website of the National Library of Medicine at this link. For further details see the entry at HistoryofInformation.com at this link.

Completion of the first genome of a multi-cellular organism—C. elegans. 

"C. elegans is a free-living nematode which is widely used as a model organism. The C. elegans genome has been fully sequenced and is therefore a useful tool to test new approaches in helminth genome sequencing.

Hünefeld accidentally observed the first protein crystals— those of hemoglobin—in partically dried samples of mammalian blood blood pressed between glass plates. On page 160 Hünefeld noted that he had seen, in some samples, “tabular, crystalline precipitations, which under the microscope appeared sharply defined and colored bright red.” Figures 7 and 8 in the plate illustrating Hünefeld’s work show the crystals he observed in pig’s blood and human blood respectively; these represent the first published illustrations of hemoglobin crystals. Digital facsimile from the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek at this link.

The initial report on the Human Genome Project. For further information see the entry at HistoryofInformation.com at this link. The report is available at this link.

The first separate publication on diseases of the eye after Grassi (1474). This very rare anonymous work was intended, according to its title, to provide highly useful knowledge of the anatomy of the eye, and eye diseases and their various remedies. After two pages on anatomy, discussion of affections of the eye begin, with references to cataract, affections of the cornea, conjunctiva, pruritus, clearing the sight, etc. 

The first paper on the anti-depressant fluoxetine, marketed under the trade name Prozac. With Jong S. Horng, Frank P. Bymaster, Kenneth. L. Hauser, and Bryan B. Molloy. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(74)90345-2. PMID 4549929

In 1853 French chemist Gerhardt was the first to prepare acetylsalicylic acid (marketed by Bayer as asprin in 1899). Gerhardt called the compound he obtained "salicylic-acetic anhydride" (wasserfreie Salicylsäure-Essigsäure). However, Gerhard did not pursue the matter further. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Notable British Trials Series. Transcripts of the trials of the most famous "resurrection men", with related documents. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Isolation of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). For this work Barré-Sinoussi and Montagnier shared the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. With J. C. Chermann, F. Rey, M.T. Nugeyre, S. Chamaret, J. Gruest, C. Dauguet, C. Axler-Blin ], F. Vezinet-Brun, C. Rouzioux, W. Rozenbaum. Bibcode:1983Sci...220..868B. doi:10.1126/science.6189183. PMID 6189183.i

The first account of the Neanderthal remains (Neanderthal 1), discovered in 1856 in the the Feldhofer cave of the Neander valley. The remains, which consist of a partial skull, pelvis and assorted long bones, were sent to Johann Carl Fuhlrott, a science teacher in Elberfeld, who immediately recognized that they were a previously unknown type of human. This conclusion was borne out by Hermann Schaaffhausen, a physician and anthropologist in Bonn to whom Fuhlrott sent a cast of the cranium. Over the winter of 1856–57 Schaaffhausen examined the Neanderthal bones in detail, and in 1857 he and Fuhlrott published preliminary announcements of the discovery in the Verhandl. des naturhis. Vereines des preuss. Rheinlande und Westphalens. Fuhlrott’s account appears on page l. 

The first paper on Sahelanthropus tchadensis, dating from between 7 and 6 million years ago in West Central Africa (northern Chad). This species had a combination of ape-like and human-like features. Ape-like elements: a small brain (even slightly smaller than a chimpanzee’s), sloping face, very prominent browridges, and elongated skull. Human-like elements: small canine teeth, a short middle part of the face, and a spinal cord opening underneath the skull instead of towards the back as seen in non-bipedal apes. The research team was directed by Brunet; more than 20 scientists co-authored the paper.

Living around 6 million years ago, in the Tugen hills region of central Kenya, this species, named Orrorin tugenensis, had small teeth with thick enamel similar to modern humans. It climbed trees, but also probably walked upright with two legs on the ground. 

Large folio. Images reproduced from contact prints recorded on 14 x 17 inch Kodak high-contrast metallographic plates. The first volume was by Alvin L. Berman; the second volume was by Berman and Edward G. Jones.

The first computer graphics atlas of the brain of any species, with the illustration files also available separately (1993). The work included a complete and systematic, hierarchically organized set of annotated nomenclature tables, the first of its kind. It also presented a bilateral flatmap of the rat central nervous system, displaying the gray matter regions outlined in the atlas and presented in the annotated nomenclature tables. The first edition was followed by the following: 

1. Swanson, Brain maps: computer graphics files, professional version 1.0, with 4 floppy discs (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1993).
2. Swanson,  Brain maps: structure of the rat brain. A laboratory guide with printed and electronic templates for data, models and schematics , 2nd revised edition (Amsterdam: Elsevier) with double CD-ROM, Brain maps: labeling toolkit & graphics files, including Computer graphics files 2.0, with Interactive brain maps 2.0 (the instruction booklet dated 1998/1999).
3. Swanson. Brain maps: structure of the rat brain. A laboratory guide with printed and electronic templates for data, models and schematics, 3rd revised edition (Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2004)  with CD-ROM, Brain maps: computer graphics files 3.0 and including Interactive brain maps 3.0. 

One of the first books wholly devoted to endangered wild animals. Hornaday revolutionized museum exhibits by displaying wildlife in their natural settings, and is credited with discovering the American crocodile, saving the American bison and the Alaskan fur seal from extinction. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Muller was one of the earliest proponents of a genetics-first theory for the origin of life. 

This oversized compendium of maps, graphs, statistical tables, and essays was the first comprehensive thematic atlas produced by any nation.  It was hailed both at home and abroad for its innovative use of graphic elements to distill and display complex data, including medical and population statistics and epidemiology. When he conceived and supervised production and publication of this work Walker was Chief of the U. S. Bureau of Statistics and superintendent of the 1870 census. The 60 large maps, most of which were printed in color, were chromolithographed in New York by Julius Bien, who produced the plates for the first American full-size reissue of portions of Audubon's Birds of America (1858-60). Kinnahan, "Charting Progress: Francis Amasa Walker's Statistical Atlas of the United States and Narratives of Western Expansion," American Quarterly 60 (2008) 399-423. Digital facsimile from the Library of Congress at this link.

In 1968 Bird founded and directed the first "telemedicine" system, which linked a medical station at Boston's Logan Airport with doctors at Massachusetts General Hospital, who supplied remote diagnosis, treatment and medical image transmission.

The theory of punctuated equilibrium or punctuated equilibria in evolution. This theory argues that once species appeared in the the fossil record they became stable, showing little net evolutionary change for most of their geological history. This state they called stasis. When significant evolutionary change occurred, the theory states that it is generally restricted to rare and geologically rapid events of branching speciation called cladogenesis. Cladogenesis is the process by which a species splits into two distinct species, rather than one species gradually transforming into another. Eldredge and Gould argued that the degree of gradualism in evolution commonly attributed to Darwin is virtually nonexistent in the fossil record, and that stasis dominates the history of most fossil species. In 2016 the paper and Eldredge and Gould was available from blackwellpublishing.com at this link.

Edited by Wolfe and Menczer. Includes a reproduction of Wells's casebook.

Berghaus created a new genre of thematic atlases. He issued this work gradually in eighteen installments from 1837 to1848. The  first edition of the complete atlas consists of ninety maps in two vols., dated 1845 and 1848, with individual maps dated from 1837 to 1848. It was arranged in eight sections: meteorology and climatology, hydrology and hydrography, geology, terrestrial magnetism, botany, zoology, anthropology, and ethnography. One map showed the distribution of epidemic diseases. This was the first thematic atlas to include a disease map. Berghaus issued an enlarged second edition from 1849 to 1852.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Organ der Gesellschaft für Wissenschaftsgeschichte.

The operation, which took place on April 2, 2007 at the University Hospital of Strasbourg, in which Marescaux and team removed the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) of a patient through the vagina using a flexible endoscope without making an incision in the skin was believed to be the first operation operation of its kind. "Anubis was the ancient god in Egyptian mythology who presided over mummification and accompanied the dead to the hereafter. Anubis restored Osiris to life through mummification using long, flexible instruments. The project was named after this reference" (from the press release available from the Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l'Appraeil Digestif (IRCAD) at this link.

Inspired by the success of Acosta’s Natural History, Gumilla wrote lush descriptions of native life along the Orinoco River in Venezuela and Colombia. His characterization of local healing practices was informative, but critical of technique. Digital facsimile of the much corrected 1791 edition from the Internet Archive at this link.

Description and illustration of the first 3D printed bionic organ: an ear.  From the Abstract: "The ability to three-dimensionally interweave biological tissue with functional electronics could enable the creation of bionic organs possessing enhanced functionalities over their human counterparts. Conventional electronic devices are inherently two-dimensional, preventing seamless multidimensional integration with synthetic biology, as the processes and materials are very different. Here, we present a novel strategy for overcoming these difficulties via additive manufacturing of biological cells with structural and nanoparticle derived electronic elements.' The abstract and two color images are available from acs.org at this link.

Crutzen showed that nitrous oxide impacts the ozone layer by pointing out "that emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a stable, long-lived gas produced by soil bacteria, from the Earth's surface could affect the amount of nitric oxide (NO) in the stratosphere. He showed that nitrous oxide lives long enough to reach the stratosphere, where it is converted into NO. Crutzen then noted that increasing use of fertilizers might have led to an increase in nitrous oxide emissions over the natural background, which would in turn result in an increase in the amount of NO in the stratosphere. Thus human activity could have an impact on the stratospheric ozone layer" (Wikipedia article on Ozone depletion, accessed 12-2016).

The commentary by Gentile da Foligno upon Avicenna's Canon was among the most influential medical texts of the Later Middle Ages. See Roger K. French, Canonical medicine: Gentile da Foligno and scholasticism (Leiden: Brill, 2001).

"Gilbertus's Compendium medicinae was translated into Middle English in the early 15th century.^[4] The gynecological and obstetrical portions of that translation were soon excerpted and circulated widely as an independent text known in modern scholarship as The Sickness of Women. That text was then modified further in the mid-15th century by the addition of materials from Muscio and other sources on obstetrics; this is known as The Sickness of Women 2.^[5] Between them, the two versions of The Sickness of Women were the most widely circulated Middle English texts on women's medicine in the 15th century, even more popular than the several Middle English versions of the Trotula texts" (Wikipedia article on Gilbertus Anglicus, accessed 01-2017).

On p. 452 of his paper Ogle reproduces in type "A copy of the earliest known Weekly Bill of Mortality. British Museum. Egerton MSS. 2603, f.4." Ogle states that Creighton attributed this manuscript bill of mortality to the year 1532, "in which year an Order of Council was issued calling on the mayor [of London] to furnish a bill of the deaths from plague." Bills of Mortality were not printed until 1603. Digital facsimile of Ogle's paper from Google Books at this link.

The Medicina Plinii was an anonymous compilation of remedies dating to the early 4th century CE ."The excerptor, saying that he speaks from experience, offers the work as a compact resource for travelers in dealing with hucksters who sell worthless drugs at exorbitant prices or with know-nothings only interested in profit.^[1] The material is presented in three books in the conventional order a capite ad calcem (“from head to toe,” in the equivalent English expression), the first dealing with treatments pertaining to the head and throat, the second the torso and lower extremities, and the third systemic ailments, skin diseases, and poisons. The book contains more than 1,100 pharmacological recipes, the vast majority of them from the Historia naturalis of Pliny the Elder. Other sources include Celsus, Scribonius Largus, and Dioscorides.^[3] Materials may be botanical, animal-derived, or metallic; processes include decoction, emulsification, calcination and fermentation. Preparations may be applied topically, or consumed. Magic, perhaps to be compared with faith healing,^[7] was a regular feature of the manuals. Most of the recipes contain a limited number of ingredients, and in contrast to more expansive and thorough collections such as the De medicamentis liber of Marcellus Empiricus, precise measurements in drachmae, denarii or other units are specified for only a few formulations. Perhaps because Pliny's name was attached to it, the book enjoyed great popularity and influence. It was frequently copied during the Middle Ages, and was often used as a handbook in monastic infirmaries" (Wikipedia article on Medicina Plinii, quoted with a few minor changes, 1-2017).

The standard version of the text is Plinii secundi iunioris qui feruntur de medicina libri tres. Corpus Medicorum Latinorum 3 (Berlin, 1964) edited by Alf Önnerfors. A digital version of this text is available from Biblioteca digitale di testi latini tardoanchi at this link.

Physicans from the medical school at Salerno who were unknown to de Renzi (No. 6518). Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

This large quarto volume of 4 preliminary leaves and 32 pages included the first presentation of the Braille system of printing and reading for the blind, which represents letters and numbers by combinations of six dots. Though Braille introduced his six dot system briefly in this 1829 work, most of the Procede pour écrire was published through the traditional system of printing for the blind using raised letters that was invented by the founder of l'Institut Royale des Jeunes Aveugles, Valentin Haüy. Digital facsimile from the National Foundation for the Blind at this link.

First description of the Canadian Flora. Cornut was a French botanist and physician who never visited North America, but instead received the majority of his plant specimens from the Robins family, who supervised the gardens of Henry IV, and the garden of the Paris Faculty of Medicine, and the Morin family, who owned several Parisian commercial nurseries. He described and illustrated over thirty species from eastern North America for the first time, as well as 5 bulbous plants from southern Africa. The plates in this work have been attributed to Pierre Vallet. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Expanded edition, 1992. 40th anniversary edition, 2007.

" ... a comprehensive catalog of biographical and bibliographical publications for over 10,000 malacologists, conchologists, paleontologists, and others with an interest in mollusks, from Aristotle to the present. For each person, the birth/death years and nationality are given (when known), followed by bibliographic citations to the literature about that person and his/her collections and publications. Appendices provide citations to (1) publications on oceanographic expeditions that resulted in the collection and description of mollusks; (2) histories of malacological institutions and organizations; and (3) histories and dates of publication of malacological journals and journals that are frequently cited in malacological publications, such as those of the Zoological Society of London."

 1,443 pp. + 110 pp. [Annex 1 – Book Collations] + 65 pp. [Annex 2 – Küster
Collation], 51 pp. [Annex 3 – Journal Collations]. Available at https://www.malacological.org/2004_malacology.html

MEDIPHOR System (Monitoring and Evaluation of Drug Interactions by a Pharmacy-Oriented Reporting System) developed by Cohen, Shortliffe and colleagues at Stanford University Medical School, published as a chapter in the book, Drug interactions (1974). With 12 co-authors.

An early study of medicine in Denmark, including local botanic drugs and folk medicine. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

To drive home the dangers of arsenic in wallpaper Kedzie took the step of publishing one of the most unusual books ever issued: Shadows from the Walls of Death: Facts and Inferences Prefacing a Book of Specimens of Arsenical Wall Papers, a large volume measuring about 22 x 30 inches containing a title page and an 8 page preface followed by 86 samples cut from rolls of arsenic impregnated wallpaper. These volumes Kedzig donated to libraries throughout the State of Michigan. On May 12, 2012 The Ann Arbor Chronicle reported that only two of the one hundred copies remain extant in Michigan, one at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and the other at Michigan State University in East Lansing. Both copies remain toxic. The copy in Ann Arbor has all leaves encapsulated for safety, and can be handled only with gloves. 

Two other copies of Shadows, also toxic, are preserved at Harvard University Medical School, and the National Library of Medicine. Digital facsimile from the U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.

Edition of the Greek text with French translation and introduction. Apart from minor changes listed on page vii, the work reproduces the previous  publication by the author in the collection Papyrologia Leodensia (Liège, 2014).

Full annotated text available at https://people.well.com/user/aquarius/pharaonique.htm.

Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

An exceptionally thorough manual on dissection, dressing skeletons, and creating "anatomical preparations," and embalming. Digital facsimile from BnFGallica at this link.

This digital roadmap for the world's largest library was undoubtedly influential not just on other U.S. libraries but on other libraries around the world.

"Contributors

"Description

Ravitch and Steichen refined primitive surgical stapling systems that were developed in Russia, and made them viable in a wide range of procedures.

Digital facsimile from cs.amedd.army.mil at this link.

Digital facsimile from U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.

For a long time this was the most comprehensive botany of any U.S. state. Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

This collection of x-ray photographs published within a few months of Röntgen's discovery includes applications in archaeology and anthropology (x-rays of mummies) and forensic medicine (for the investigation of gunshot wounds),

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

By genetic analysis of HIV, Worobey, Lemey and colleagues from the social sciences "cleared" Gaëtan Dugas, a Canadian air steward, who previously had been identified by name as Patient Zero--the source of the epidemic. Unfortunately Dugas was cleared of his responsibility only after his death. One lesson that researchers drew from this was not to identify patients by name in contexts like this. Full text available from PubMedCentral at this link. Order of authorship in the original publication was Worobey, Watts, McKay...Lemey....

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Considered a classic of the anti-vivisection movement.

Hankin described the antibacterial activity of a then-unknown source in the Ganges and Jumna Rivers in India. He noted that "It is seen that the unboiled water of the Ganges kills the cholera germ in less than 3 hours. The same water, when boiled, does not have the same effect. On the other hand, well water is a good medium for this microbe, whether boiled or filtered." He suggested that this unknown source was responsible for limiting the spread of cholera. Some observers have considered this account an early observation of bacteriophage activity. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Catalogue of the collection formed by Smith, provost of the University of Pennsylvania. The collection was augmented by the university after its donation by Smith.

Amussat was one of the first to draw attention to the risks of the introduction of venous air embolism in surgery. Before the introduction of anesthesia surgery was particularly rapid by necessity, and veins were often opened in the rush to complete operations.

Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link.

A pioneering study of the embryology of the cardiovascular system and its relationship to congenital heart disease.

"The first two volumes, devoted to shells of the South Seas, were originally published as a separate work in 1784. Martyn then extended the work to four volumes with an additional 80 plates. ‘From the introduction to The universal conchologist we learn that it was 'to commence with the figures of shells (most of them rare and nondescript) which have been collected by several officers of the shipsunder the command of Captain Byron, Wallis, Cook, and others made to the South Sea' ... When the Resolution and the Discovery returned from the third and last voyage in 1780 [the dealer] Humphrey purchased some more shells, but the bulk of the conchological spoils went this time to Thomas Martyn, a knowledgeable dealer, versatile writer and gifted artist ... Unlike Humphrey and other dealers who snapped up the Cook shells Thomas Martyn had more than a pecuniary interest in his purchases. Martyn’s reason for wanting to corner the market in South Seas shells was entirely praiseworthy; although he sold many of the shells he had bought, he illustrated the finest in The Universal Conchologist, his magnum opus [and] a work which, for beauty, has seldom been surpassed in the history of conchological iconography’ (Dance, A history of shell collecting).

"Martyn purchased shells brought back from Cook’s third voyage, although, as he wrote to Henry Seymer on 9 December 1780, ‘I have purchased, amounting to 400 gns, more than 2 thirds of the whole brought home, Nevertheless I do not abound either in the variety of the new or many duplicates of the known ones that are valuable’. As a result, he modified his project and instead of presenting two shells on each plate, presented only one but depicted in two different views. Besides the specimens deriving from Cook’s voyages, Martyn included specimens from the collections of the Duchess of Portland, the Countess of Bute, John Hunter, the Forsters, and others. The fine plates were drawn by Martyn and engraved and coloured by his 'Academy' of young men whom he had trained as natural history artists. The plates, each showing a single species in two positions, were engraved in soft aquatint and printed lightly inked, so that when hand-coloured they would resemble watercolours" (William P. Watson, Science, medicine and natural history books exhibited at the New York International Antiquarian Bookfair...2020).

The most ancient testimony concerning the opium poppy found to date was inscribed in cuneiform script on a small white clay tablet at the end of the third millennium BC. This tablet was discovered in 1954 during excavations at Nippur, and is currently kept at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Deciphered by Samuel Noah Kramer and Martin Leve, it is considered to be the most ancient pharmacopoeia in existence.^[7] (Wikipedia article on History of General Anesthesia, accessed 3-2020).

Public health advice from the U.S. Public Health Service published during the pandemic.

This otherwise comprehensive handbook excludes medicine, per se. Sections most directly pertinent to the life sciences are:

Touwaide, Alain. "Botany". Vol. 1, pp. 145-180.

       This a very detailed bibliographical essay covering the history of Western and Arabic texts concerning botany and materia medica in the Middle Ages. Digital facsimile from Academia.edu at this link.

Touwaide, Alain. "Pharmacy". Vol. 2, pp. 1056-1089.

Touwaide, Alain. "Pharmaceutical literature." Vol. 3, pp. 1979-1999.

Chatton was the first to characterize the distinction between the eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems of cellular organization. See Jan Sapp, "The prokaryote-Eukaryote dichtomy: meanings and mythology," Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 69 (2005) 292-305.

See also J. B. Barlow, W.A. Pocock P. Marchand, M. Denny, "The significance of late systolic murmurs," Am Heart J., 66 (1963) 443- 452

Barlow revolutionized thinking about the pathophysiology of mitral regurgitation when he defined the mitral valve prolapse syndrome, which was termed Barlow's syndrome. "Barlow entered the international cardiology scene in 1963 with publication of his landmark paper on the midsystolic click and late systolic murmur, subsequently known as Barlow's syndrome. It was Barlow who demonstrated the fact that the midsystolic click(s) and late systolic murmur were in fact associated with billowing of the mitral valve leaflets and mitral regurgitation, respectively" (Profiles in Cardiology, 460-461).

"In 1959 Bernard Lown commenced research in his animal laboratory in collaboration with engineer Barouh Berkovits into a technique which involved charging of a bank of capacitors to approximately 1000 volts with an energy content of 100-200 joules then delivering the charge through an inductance such as to produce a heavily damped sinusoidal wave of finite duration (~5 milliseconds) to the heart by way of paddle electrodes. This team further developed an understanding of the optimal timing of shock delivery in the cardiac cycle, enabling the application of the device to arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and supraventricular tachycardias in the technique known as "cardioversion" (Wikipedia article on Defibrillation, accessed 4-2020).

"Using an isolated frog heart preparation with ligatures around the atria, Luigi Luciani, an Italian physiologist working in 1873 in Carl Ludwig’s famous laboratory in Leipzig, was the first to demonstrate cardiac group beating, which he named periodic rhythm. He attributed this to increased resistance to impulse propagation between the atria and the ventricle. Karel F. Wenckebach, in his 1899 landmark report of group beating in a patient in which he also used pulse tracings, credited Luciani with this discovery. Wenckebach referred to the phenomena as “Luciani periods" (Upshaw & Silverman, "Luigi Luciani and the earliest graphic demonstration of Wenckebach periodicity," Circulation, 101 (2000) 2662–2668.

The first title, in 1 volume, was published in 1776; the second work in 2 vols., supplementing the first work, was published in 1778. In these two bioclimatological and biogeographical studies of disease in Normandy, on which he worked for fifteen years, Le Pecq provided case histories as well as detailed analyzes of epidemics and their relationship to climate, geography, water sources, and local customs, writing in his first work that doctors must study sickness in its natural habitat before they could treat large-scale health issues.

The Cori cycle (also known as the lactic acid cycle), a metabolic pathway in which lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in muscles is transported to the liver and converted to glucose, which then returns to the muscles and is cyclically metabolized back to lactate.

Digital facsimile from semanticscholar.org at this link.

The New York Natural History and Geological Survey was established by the state legislature in 1836 under the direction of James Ellsworth DeKay. By far the most ambitious scientific project undertaken in the United States to that date, it was issued in six sections: Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy, Geology, Agriculture, and Paleontology. Volumes began to appear in 1842. The first four parts, a total of twelve volumes, were issued in 1842-44, and the five volumes of the Agriculture section between 1846 and 1854. The final section, Paleontology, began publication in 1846, but under its editor, James Hall, it took on a life of its own. Hall managed to turn it into a long career in his position as state paleontologist, ultimately issuing thirteen volumes where only one had been planned. Without Hall’s lobbying for additional state funds, the entire project would have been completed in the 1850s. Instead Hall was still in office, at age 83, when the final volumes were published.

Natural History of New York is notable for its vast array of color plates, and in later volumes its use of other innovative forms of natural history illustration. In all it contains several thousand plates, colored and uncolored, making it a project on the same scale as the Pacific Railroad Survey. The set is much less well known because far fewer volumes were produced than the U.S. government publications, but it clearly was the model on which the great U.S. surveys of the 1850s were based. Meisel includes a detailed collation.

Digital facsimile of the 1914 printing from the Internet Archive at this link.

In addition to the printed version, Brill.com hosts an Open Access version of the text at scholarlyeditions.brill.com/ihom/.

This was the only book that Fleming ever published on penicillin. American issue, Philadelphia: Blakiston, 1946.

As of 2020 the most comprehensive bibliography on Syriac Medicine that I located online was part of the Comprehensive bibliography on Syriac Christianity in the website of The Center for the Study of Christianity Established by Hubert and Aldegone Brenninkmeije-Werhahn. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. To reach the medical content of this bibliography it is necessary to search under the keyword medicine.

First printed edition of this Byzantine medical text.

 "... a descriptive anatomy in the style of Mundinus. It concludes with a final chapter on the praise of dissection. He expresses the need for a clinical examination rather than uncritical trust in the authorities “since in it we see the truth and contemplate its revelations as the works of nature lie under our eyes… but those who trust only the monuments of literature… are often deceived and entrust opinion rather than truth to their minds.”^[1] He later describes a postmortem examination of a woman who had died of syphilis and the disease’s effects on her bones.^[2] Benedetti critiqued those anatomists who trusted in the authorities more than their own experience: “Aristotle has had so much authority for so many centuries that even those things which [physicians] have not seen they will affirm to exist, even without experiment.”^[3] Benedetti valued personal observation over blind trust in the authorities and even, shockingly for the time, corrected Aristotle. “Aristotle believes that the nerves first arise from the heart… but almost all of them (as is more evidently established) are perceived to originate in large part from the brain….”^[4]  (Wikipedia article on Alessandro Benedetti, accessed 5-2020). 

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

This set includes 528 chromolithographed and hand-colored plates by John Nugent Fitch on 527 sheets. It was published periodically by B. S. Williams from his nurseries in Holloway, London, from 1882 until his death in 1890. The set includes the obituary of B. S. Williams in vol. 9. His son, Henry Williams, continued the publication through to its conclusion in 1897. These dates are important as they mark the period when the last significant new varieties of orchids were discovered in the wild. This work therefore, with its selection based largely on the discoveries made during the nineteenth century, offers an unparalleled record of all the best orchid varieties before the impact of the 'captive-bred' hybrids. 

The Orchid Album was published at the height of the 'Orchidelirium' which had been building in Britain for some decades, but which seized the imaginations of late Victorian horticulturists in the same way that the tulip craze inflamed the minds of collectors in Golden Age Holland. "Some of the grander Victorian growers, such as the Duke of Devonshire at Chatsworth in Derbyshire and the Duke of Northumberland at Syon House in Middlesex, employed their own collectors, but orchid fanciers like John Day acquired their best treasures at auction. Nurserymen such as Veitch, Conrad Loddiges and Benjamin Samuel Williams of the Victoria and Paradise Nurseries in Upper Holloway, regularly sent consignments of orchids to be auctioned by Messrs Stevens of King St, Covent Garden. It was in their sale room that, after an epic battle with a fellow enthusiast, Sir Trevor Lawrence, a contemporary of Day's, acquired the one single plant of Aerides lawrenciae imported by Frederick Sander from the Philippines," (Anna Pavord, review of A Very Victorian Passion The Orchid Paintings of John Day, Independent, 29 May 2004).

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Larrey's history of his experiences with Napoleon and Napoleon's armies during the Egypt campaign. Includes a reprint of Larrey's treatise on trachoma, which was first published at Napoleon's press in Cairo.
Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Ebbinghaus conducted a series of experiments on memory and forgetting using himself as subject. Out of this came concepts such as the learning curve and the forgetting curve, and the serial position effect. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link. Translated into English by Henry A. Ruger & Clara E. Bussenius as Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology (1913), of which the digital text is available from Classics in the History of Psychology at this link.

Nightingale's correspondence, 1854-1856.

The first book on ornithology illustrated with original photogaphs. In this case the four photographs were also hand-tinted. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Semmelweis’s last publications on antisepsis in obstetrics. Although the information and conclusions that Semelweis drew in his Die Aetiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers (1861) were of the first importance, its publication failed to bring about a widespread acceptance of Semmelweis’s views and methods; instead, the connection he had made between cadaverous infection and puerperal fever was rejected by a large proportion of the medical establishment. Die Aetiologie was subject to several unfavorable reviews, to which Semmelweis responded with a series of “Open Letters”, published in pamphlet form in 1861 and 1862, in which he bitterly attacked his critics. These he wrote to “Joseph Späth, Friedrich Wilhelm Scanzoni von Lichtenfels, and [Franz???] Siebold in 1861 full of desperation and fury for reluctance to accept his doctrine. He called upon Siebold to arrange a meeting of German obstetricians somewhere in Germany to provide a forum for discussions on puerperal fever where he would stay “until all have been converted to his theory.” (Hauzman, Erik E [2006]. “Semmelweis and his German contemporaries”. 40th International Congress on the History of Medicine, ISHM 2006. The abusive language Semmelweis used in these letters was an indicator of his increasing mental instability. He eventually suffered a mental breakdown in 1865 and died the same year—ironically, due to septicemia from an infected finger.

Discusses the origin, history, cultivation, preparation, nature and virtues of tobacco, whether used for smoking, snuffing, chewing, etc. or for medicinal purposes (Waring). "The custom of smoking, its role in divination among the Indians, and its rapid spread throughout the world are dealt with, and several chapters are devoted to pipes... A long account of the subject of snuff is provided, and notice is taken of the papal interdictions of 1642 and 1650 against the use of tobacco in churches" (Arents). Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

On embalming corpses, and on human cadavers. This work includes (pp. 98-127) instructions for the embalming process in Spain, with woodcut illustrations of the tools used and recipes for the ointments. The author also describes (pp. 128-138) a non-invasive technique for preserving cadavers for transportation between cities, again with recipes for ointments. In the first chapter the author discusses natural deaths, violent deaths, and the process of decomposition. His section on the history of embalming includes chapters on techniques employed by the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Translated into English as Barbed wire disease: A psychological study of prisoners of war. Translated from the German, with additions. London: Bale & Danielson, 1919.

In 1982 Vane shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Sune Bergström and Bengt Samuelsson for "their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances."

The first part of this work concerns cross-sectional anatomy; the second part systematically discusses the differences between anatomy in children and adults of different parts of the body.

The first Persian-language surgery and ophthalmology textbook based on Western medical science. Polak based his textbook on Joseph Maximilien Chelius’s Handbuch der Chirurgie (1830) and Handbuch der Augenheilkunde (1843), but added chapters of his own on local maladies such as leishmaniasis, guinea worm, leprosy and bladder stones, based on his own extensive experience treating these diseases in Persia. 

Gurdon (Nobel Prize 2012) and Uehlinger replaced the cell nucleus of frog ova with frog intestinal nuclei to generate tadpoles, some of which became fertile adult male and female frogs.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

In this paper Brown and Wilson defined character displacement as follows: "Two closely related species have overlapping ranges. In the parts of the ranges where one species occurs alone, the populations of that species are similar to the other species and may even be very difficult to distinguish from it. In the area of overlap, where the two species occur together, the populations are more divergent and easily distinguished, i.e., they 'displace' one another in one or more characters. The characters involved can be morphological, ecological, behavioral, or physiological; they are assumed to be genetically based."

Foundation of Proteomics. Order of authorship in the original publication: Wilkins, Pasquali, ...Hochstrasser.

"Abstract: Separation and identification of proteins by two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis can be used for protein-based gene expression analysis. In this report single protein spots, from polyvinylidene difluoride blots of micropreparative E. coli 2-D gels, were rapidly and economically identified by matching their amino acid composition, estimated pI and molecular weight against all E. coli entries in the SWISS-PROT database. Thirty proteins from an E. coli 2-D map were analyzed and identities assigned. Three of the proteins were unknown. By protein sequencing analysis, 20 of the 27 proteins were correctly identified. Importantly, correct identifications showed unambiguous "correct" score patterns. While incorrect protein identifications also showed distinctive score patterns, indicating that protein must be identified by other means. These techniques allow large-scale screening of the protein complement of simple organisms, or tissues in normal and disease states. The computer program described here is accessible via the World Wide Web at URL address (http:@expasy.hcuge.ch/)."