Recognition of β-amenobenzoic acid as a member of the vitamin-B complex.

The first text providing diagnostic criteria for evaluating ancient skeletal remains.

Pales described a broad range of diseases and noted relationships between disease, evolution and species extinction.

Surveys the ancient evidence of disease in plants, invertebrates and vertebrates, including man. 

24 chapters on the history of a wide variety of aspects of general surgery, and of the history of various surgical specialties, by 24 authorities. The work is divided into three parts: 1. Periods and Topics, 2. Links, 3. Areas and Technologies.

This is a fine example of "you can't judge a book by its cover" since this study is outstanding from the bibliographical point of view and contains footnotes that are remarkable for their scholarly detail.

Wallace's first book, printed in an edition of only 250 copies. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

"There have been many descriptions of the palmar fascia by anatomists and in papers dealing with the surgical treatment of Dupuytren's contracture, but what seems to be lacking is an overall view of the problem, based on an anatomical study with a strong surgical viewpoint, which reproduces all the known observations and the explains the rleationships of the various structures to each other" (first paragraph of the Preface by the author.).   Appendix I, pp. 107-224, includes the text, in English translation where necessary, of previous classics on Dupuytren's contracture, beginning in the 18th century. There is also a comprehensive historical bibliography.`

This is considered the first accurate account of exophthalmic goitre, later known as “Parry’s disease”, “Graves’s disease”, and “Basedow’s disease”. An interesting fact about the London Medical & Surgical Journal is that after the first five volumes had been published by Renshaw and edited by M. Ryan, these two separated, each continuing to publish a separate edition of the same journal. Graves’s paper appeared in the series published by Renshaw. Reprinted in Med. Classics, 1940, 5, 33-36.

First separately published printed edition of Galen's writings on neuropathology. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Pan American Health Organization at this link.

The first clinical application of insulin in the treatment of diabetes. Co-authored by W. R. Campbell, and A. A. Fletcher. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

Probably the largest and most comprehensive history of a medical specialty published in the 21st century. Expanded and revised English translation: Pantheon of Dermatology: outstanding historical figures by Löser, Plewig and Walter H. C. Burgdorf (Berlin & Heidelberg: Springer, 2013). The English translation was expanded to 1280 pages and 2273 illustrations (many in color).

Describes bibliographically and illustrates the approximately 60 different surviving fugitive sheets together with essays on "The visual culture of Renaissance anatomy," "Anatomical fugitive sheets: Printing, prints and the spread of anatomy in the sixteenth century", "The birth of an anatomical icon",  and "Knowe theyself: The uses and functions of anatomical images".There is also a useful bibliography of primary and secondary sources.

Vol. 1: Pathology and preventive medicine. Vol. 2: Bacteriology. Vol. 3: Medical education, history, miscellaneous subjects, and Welch's bibliography. Introduction by Simon Flexner. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

This massive (2026-page) work includes a biographical study of Blalock, his complete bibliography, and biographical sketches of co-authors of Blalock's publications.

Cushing advanced the theory that the hypothalamus is responsible for the development of peptic ulcer (see p. 175 et seq.). This work contains his four principal contributions to pituitary-hypothalamic interrelationships, including a reprint of his description of pituitary basphilism (No. 3904).

An Austrian military commission consisting of R. Doerr, K. Franz, and S. Taussig proved that the causal organism of pappataci fever was a virus and that Phlebotomus papatasii was the vector.

The Ebers Papyrus dates from about 1552 BCE. It measures 20.23 m. in length and 30 cm. in height, and is, along with the Edwin Smith Papyrus, one of the two most important surviving medical papyri. It was written in hieratic script and contains the most complete surviving record of Egyptian medicine, and dentistry, referring to diseases of the teeth and offering various toothache remedies. Like the Edwin Smith Papyrus, the Ebers Papyrus came into the possession of Edwin Smith (1822-1906) in 1862. The source of the papyrus is unknown, but it was said to have been found between the legs of a mummy in the Assassif district of the Theban necropolis. The papyrus remained in the collection of Edwin Smith until at least 1869 when it apeared in the catalog of an antiquities dealer, described as "a large medical papyrus in the possession of Edwin Smith, an American farmer of Luxor." It was purchased by Egyptologist Georg Ebers in 1873-74, who published the first edition of the text in facsimile with an introduction in 1875. It was translated into German as Papyros Ebers. Das älteste Buch über Heilkunde. Aus dem Aegyptischen zum erstenmal vollständig übersetzt von H. Joachim (Berlin, 1890). The papyrus was translated into English by B[endix Joachim] Ebell as The papyrus Ebers. The greatest Egyptian medical document. (Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard: London: Oxford University Press, 1937). It was retranslated by Paul Ghalioungui and published in 1987. See No. 8315. Digital facsimile of vol. 1 of the 1875 edition from Heidelberger historische Bestände at this link; of vol. 2 from the same source at this link. Digital facsimile of the 1890 German translation from Heidelberger historisch Bestände-digital at this link.

A hieratic papyrus of the 13th-12th century BCE. It is a fragment of a monograph on diseases of the anus. The papyrus was reproduced with transcription by A. H. Gardiner in 1935. See No. 8318.

French translations, with commentary of the Egyptian medical papyri.

p-Aminosalicylic acid used in pulmonary tuberculosis. See also his earlier paper in Svenska LäkT., 1946, 43, 2029-40.

Paracelsus, a much-travelled man, was one of the most remarkable figures in medicine. He was first to write on miners’ diseases, to establish the relationship between cretinism and endemic goitre and to note the geographic differences in diseases. Sudhoff studied Paracelsus exhaustively. J. Hargrave published a biography in 1951. See also W. Pagel’s Paracelsus, Basel & New York, Karger, 1958.

The title is a pun on the author’s name (park-in-sun). Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Catalogue of the plants in the Hortus Botanicus Leiden, posthumously edited from Hermann's unpublished manuscript, and reproducing 111 of Hermann's botanical illustrations, by William Sherard. Digital facsimile from Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid at this link.

Shale oil shown to be a cause of skin cancer. A teacher of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Bell was the model for the character of Sherlock Holmes.

Le Dran, famous French lithotomist, improved the operation of lithotomy. Murphy credits him for originating the lateral lithotomy usually attributed to Cheselden, whose method he discusses. Le Dran was one of Haller’s teachers.

Bastian was one of the founders of English neurology. He is remembered for “Bastian’s law” (see No. 4577).

Facial paralysis first described.

Classic description of general paralysis. Calmeil’s work complements Bayle’s earlier delineation of general paralysis (No. 4795). Between the two of them they established the clinical picture of general paralysis of the insane, associating it with chronic inflammation of the brain. This was the first breakthrough in neuro-psychiatric research, and it gave psychiatry the spur to precise and systematic clinical, pathological, and statistical innovation on its own terms.

First description of chronic progressive bulbar paralysis (“Duchenne’s paralysis”).

Important clinical description.

First description of paramyoclonus multiplex, “Friedreich’s disease”.

“Brocq’s disease”; he proposed the term “parapsoriasis” for the condition which had previously been described under various names and often mistaken for other dermatoses.

Discovery of malaria parasites in birds. See also Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1890, 4, 427-31.

First paravertebral injection for the treatment of angina pectoris.

Defines for the first time the various functions of the parietal lobes.

First description of “Morvan’s disease” – a form of syringomyelia.

Dictionary of French medical poets. Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link.

First recognition of auricular fibrillation in man. Cushny and Edmunds had a case under their care in 1901. Hering described the condition in man in Prag. med. Wschr.,1903, 28, 377.

The Cushing & Edmunds paper was also published in Studies in Pathology written ... to celebrate the quartercentenary of Aberdeen University. Edited by W. Bulloch (Aberdeen, 1906) 95-110.

The “Gasserian ganglion”, already described by Santorini and others, was named after Johann Ludwig Gasser (fl. 1757-65), Professor of Anatomy at Vienna, by his pupil Hirsch. Also published in Ludwig, C. F., Scriptores, 1791, vol. 1, pp. 244-62.

First convincing experimental evidence that rickets is a deficiency disease, curable by correct diet.

Proof that relapsing fever is conveyed by the body louse, Pediculus corporis.

Halsted introduced a metal band in place of a ligature for the occlusion of arteries.

Synthesis of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).

Glisson in 1677 had introduced the concept of “irritability” as a specific property of all tissues. Haller, in the above work, recorded his experimental proof of this, and distinguished between nerve impulse (sensibility) and muscular contraction (irritability). English translation, including preface by Simon André Tissot from the French translation, as A dissertation on the sensible and irritable parts of animals, London: J. Nourse, 1755. This includes a supplement by Haller and his "Essay on the cause of the motion of the heart." Abbreviated translation in Bull. Hist. Med., 1936, 4, 651-99.
Digital facsimile of the 1755 translation from the Internet Archive at this link.

(Thanks to Malcolm Kotter for information regarding the English translations of this entry.)

Particles with the appearance of a virus were detected by electron microscopy in the serum of individuals with Au. These were subsequently shown to be the surface antigen particles, different from the whole virus particles. Blumberg's discovery of the Australia antigen in 1965 may technically be considered the discovery of the hepatitis B virus, but at the time of that discovery its connection with a virus was speculative. 

The first separately printed treatise on diet was written by the Egyptian-Jewish physician and philosopher Isaac Judaeus who lived from about 832 to 932 CE. He was also known as Isaac Israeli ben Solomon and Abu Ya'qub Ishaq Sulayman al-Israili. The Latin edition was a translation made from the Arabic, circa 1070, by Constantine the African (Constantinus Africanus). De particularibus diaetis was a portion of " 'Kitab al-Adwiyah al-Mufradah wa'l-Aghdhiyah,' a work in four sections on remedies and aliments. The first section, consisting of twenty chapters, was translated into Latin by Constantine [the African] under the title 'Diætæ Universales,' and into Hebrew by an anonymous translator under the title 'Ṭib'e ha-Mezonot.' The other three parts of the work are entitled in the Latin translation 'Diætæ Particulares'; and it seems that a Hebrew translation, entitled 'Sefer ha-Mis'adim' or 'Sefer ha-Ma'akalim,' was made from the Latin" (Wikipedia article on Isaac Israeli ben Solomon, accessed 06-08-2009). A more complete printed edition of the text appeared in Basel in 1570. Campbell, Arabic Medicine and its Influence on the Middle Ages I (1926) 73. ISTC no. ii00176000. Digital facsimile from Regensburger Reichsstädtische Bibliothek Online (RRBO) at this link.

Leukemia diagnosed during life as the result of a blood examination.

A practical method for excision of the pylorus, as demonstrated in dogs, was published by these two assistants of Billroth.

Order of authorship in the original paper: Cossart, Field, Cant. First description of Parvovirus B19, the first human parvovirus discovered. It is among the smallest DNA viruses and is most often known for causing diseases in children, though it can also affect adults.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Regarding Garioponto or Gariopontus see Florence Eliza Glaze, "Galen refashioned: Gariopontus in the Later Middle Ages and Reniassance," Textual healing: Essays on Medieval and early modern medicine, edited by Elizabeth Lane Furdell (Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2005). Digital facsimile from Bayerische StaatsBibliothek at this link.

Descartes believed the soul to be a definite entity, giving rise to thoughts, feelings, and acts of volition. He was one of the first to regard the brain as an organ integrating the functions of mind and body. English translation, London, 1650.

Preliminary notice in Nature (Lond.), 1953, 171, 267-68.

Calvin was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in chemistry for discovery of the Calvin cycle, also known as the Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle, or reductive pentose phosphate cycle or C3 cycle — a series of biochemical redox reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplast in photosyntheticorganisms. This is also known as the light-independent reactions. The series of discoveries were first reported in a series of 21 papers from 1948 to 1954. The first, with Andrew. A. Benson was "The path of carbon in photosynthesis", Science, 107 (1948) 476-480. The last, with J. A. Bassham, A. A. Benson , L. D. Kay, A. Z. Harris, and A.T. Wilson was "The path of carbon in photosynthesis XXI. The cyclic regeneration of carbon dioxide acceptor in photosynthesis," J. Am. Chem. Soc.,76 (1954)1760--1770. See Melvin Calvin 1911-1996, A biographical memoir by Glenn T. Seaborg and Andrew A. Benson, Washington, D.C. National Academies Press, 1998.

A well-documented history of molecular biology.

Order of authorship in the original publication: Piewngam, Zheng, Nguygen....The authors discovered a mechanism by which probiotics help maintain a healthy microbiome. They showed that Bacillus subtilis can produce a bioactive lipopeptide called Fengycin that inhibits quorum sensing of pathogens-- a vital signaling mechanism of some bacteria, which helps them regulate gene transcription. Quorum sensing is tied to and responsive to the population density of that bacteria. In this study the Bacillus fengycin eradicated Staphylococcus aureus. 

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

"An important transformation is under way in public health. Next-generation sequencing (also called “high-throughput sequencing”) is reshaping communicable disease surveillance, allowing for earlier detection and more precise investigation of outbreaks. Next-generation sequencing helps characterize microbes more effectively and offers new insights into their ecology and transmission. The plethora of sequence data provides raw material for the research and development of new diagnostics and therapeutics. This article describes how pathogen genomics has been changing public health in the United States and globally." (editor).

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Bronchiectasis and sinus maldevelopment associated with transposition of viscera – “Kartageners syndrome”.

First description of metropathia hemorrhagica.

Introduction of neostigmine in the treatment of myasthenia gravis.

Oliver’s work on the structural lesions associated with acute renal failure in which he differentiated between the two types of damage: nephrotoxic, due to toxic substances, and tubulorhexic, due to ischemia, established our present understanding of the morphological basis for this condition.

Classic work on the pathogenesis of tuberculosis and its immunology and hypersensitivity.

Documents over 1,600 studies.

“Minkowski–Chauffard disease” (see No. 3779).

The discovery of a fungus as the cause of favus (Achorion schönleinii). Schönlein communicated this important discovery in a letter of less than 200 words and one illustration. It represents the first conspicuous step in the attribution of disease to the action of minute parasites. Schönlein was the founder of modern clinical teaching in Germany.

Sanarelli claimed priority in observing the Shwartzman phenomenon (See No. 2576). See Ann. Inst. Pasteur,1939, 63, 105.

“Spalding’s sign” of fetal death.

Significantly expanded second edition, in two parts (Calcutta: Thacker & Co., 1848).  Digital facsimile of the 1848 edition from the Internet Archive at this link.

Classic paper on atrophic rhinitis (ozena).

First textbook of neuropathology. Originally published in a series of articles in Edin. med. surg. J., 1818-19, and first collected into book form in the German translation, with appendix, by C. Nasse, Bonn, E. Weber, 1821.

Brodie’s best work. It includes his description of hysterical pseudo-fracture of the spine and the first clinical description of ankylosing spondylitis. The fifth edition, 1850, gives (p. 77) a description of “Brodie’s disease” – chronic synovitis with a pulpy degeneration of the affected parts.

The first monograph on congenital defects of the heart.

Includes (p. 151) Sternberg’s description of lymphogranulomatosis, which was given the eponym “Sternberg’s disease”.

First description of osteoperiostitis of the metatarsal bones, named “Busquet’s disease” after the latter’s description of it in Rev. Chir. (Paris), 1897, 17, 1065.

Hajek, Professor of Laryngology in Vienna, particularly distinguished himself by his classic work on the acccessory nasal sinuses. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link. English translation of the fifth edition: Pathology and treatment of the inflammatory diseases of the nasal accessory sinuses ... Translated and edited by Joseph D. Heitger ... and French K. Hansel ... Fifth edition, completely revised and enlarged. 2 vols. St. Louis: Mosby, 1926.

 English translation by J. C. Johnston in 1895.

Griesinger put an end to the moralistic theory of insanity as advanced by Heinroth. He was the first in Germany to abandon violence in the treatment of the insane; his book remained an authority on the subject for 30 years. English translation, London, 1867.

This is generally regarded as the first description of pappataci fever.

Weigert noted the connection of myasthenia gravis with hypertrophy of the thymus.

Classic description and classification of pelvic deformities.

On the origin and chemical composition of extracellular and intracellular pigments, and on the supposed formation of new cells by the membranous envelopment of pigmented blood corpuscles or pigment granules.

Head and Campbell showed herpes zoster to be a hemorrhagic inflammation of the posterior nerve roots and the homologous spinal ganglia.

Peabody studied the bone marrow in pernicious anemia. He suggested that failure of blood formation rather than hemolysis was the main defect in the disease, and that the benefit from liver feeding was due to a factor in liver that promoted development and differentiation of mature erythrocytes.

Cheyne’s important book deals mainly with the lesions of croup.

Krumbhaar edited the Clio Medica series of volumes on the history of medicine, and contributed a history of pathology to it.

Second edition with a new foreword by Margaret Farley and essays by Albert R. Jonsen and William F. May, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.

Standard Greek text.

Mosso conducted experiments with special equipment, which he devised to suit the requirements of the studies. He pursued two main lines of research: the analysis of motor functions and the relationship between physiological and psychic phenomena. Translated into English from the fifth edition in Italian by E. Lough and F. Kesow as Fear, London: Longmans..., 1896. Digital facsimile of the 1884 edition from Google Books at this link; of the English translation from the Internet Archive at this link.

Chiarugi was the first in Europe to abandon chains and fetters in a mental hospital. He required a case history for each patient, hygienic rooms with segregation of the sexes, no restraint beyond strait jacket and cotton strips, and regard for the patient as a person. He encouraged the patients to work and their attendants to practice kindness towards them. First edition in English: On Insanity and its Classification, translated with a foreward and Introduction by George Mora (1987).

Fordyce, remembered for the description of “Fox–Fordyce disease”, also described a pseudocolloid of the buccal mucosa, which is known as “Fordyce’s disease”.

First complete description of anterior metatarsalgia (“Morton’s disease”). See also No. 4325.

First description of lineae atrophicae.

Identification of the sickle-cell type of anemia.

"This case is reported because of the unusual blood findings, no duplicate of which I have ever seen described. Whether the blood picture represents merely a freakish poikilocytosis or is dependent on some peculiar physical or chemical condition of the blood, or is characteristic of some particular disease, I cannot at present answer. I report some details that may seem non-essential, thinking that if a similar blood condition is found in some other case a comparison of clinical conditions may help in solving the problem."

Digital facsimile from Jstor and at this link.

Schamberg’s progressive pigmentary dermatosis; first description.

Gennari was the first to demonstrate the laminar structure of the cerebral cortex when he discovered the line of Gennari, a macroscopically white band in the cerebral cortex of the occipital lobe.
This he observed on 2 February 1776 in the course of examining frozen sections of unstained human brain while in medical school. He referred to it as lineola albidior. Gennari's discovery was the first evidence that the cerebral cortex is not uniform in structure.

Analysis of Dioscordes from the pharmacological standpoint, including determination of his units of measurements, critical in dosage. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

A new English translation, directly from the Greek text edited by Wellmann, and thoroughly indexed.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Order of authorship in the original publication: Swedo, Leonard, Garvey.... Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS), "an hypothesis that there exists a subset of children with rapid onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or tic disorders and these symptoms are caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) infections.^[1] The proposed link between infection and these disorders is that an initial autoimmune reaction to a GABHS infection produces antibodies that interfere with basal ganglia function, causing symptom exacerbations. It has been proposed that this autoimmune response can result in a broad range of neuropsychiatric symptoms.^[2][3] PANDAS is a subset of the pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS) hypothesis." (Wikipedia aritlce on PANDAS).

Contains sketches of the lives of the more important pediatricians of the past, with a comprehensive selection of their works, translated where necessary into English. Ruhräh has thrown much light on the important contributions of long-forgotten writers, and he has carefully traced the progress of pediatrics from ancient times to the 19th century. The book includes a valuable bibliography.

“Schönlein’s disease” (purpura) first described. English translation in No. 2241.

By 1776, pellagra had attained serious proportions in Italy; Strambio was placed in charge of a hospital for the treatment of pellagrins, and he left an important account of the disease. He and Casal y Julian (No. 3750) first pointed out that pellagra might occur without the cutaneous lesions, till then regarded as characteristic.

"This book offers a critical review of the pelvic sciences—past, present and future—from an anatomical and physiological perspective....The book starts with a “construction plan” of the pelvis and shows its structural consequences. The historical background of pelvic studies proceeds from medieval and early Italian models to the definitive understanding of the pelvic anatomy in the Seventeenth century. During these eras of pelvic research, concepts and approaches developed that are illustrated with examples from comparative anatomy and from mutations, also with regard to the biomechanics of pelvic structures. Perceptions of the pelvis as an important element in sexual arousal and mating conduct are discussed, as well as attitudes to circumcision, castration and other mutilations, in its anthropological, social context.

"The anatomy and physiology of the pelvic wall and its organs as well as the development of these pelvic organs are covered as a prerequisite to understanding, for example, the spread of pelvic carcinoma and male and female bladder muscle function. Connective pelvic tissue is examined in its reinforcing capacity for pelvic structures, but also as a “hiding place” for infections. Innervations and reflexes relayed through the pelvic nerves are discussed in order to explain incontinence, sphincter function and the control of smooth and striated muscles in the pelvis.

"Catheters and drugs acting on pelvic function are described, and a critical review of alternative clinical methods for treating pelvic dysfunctions is provided" (publisher).

First description of pemphigus foliaceus, “Cazenave’s disease”. The article is unsigned.

Proof that allergens that produce urticarial reactions can penetrate the skin from external contact and thus produce the reaction that the authors named “contact urticaria.” With F. Herrmann and R. Baer.

With W. Baker.

Proof of the therapeutic action in vivo of penicillin against streptococcal and other bacterial infections. Building upon Fleming’s work (No. 1933 and 10784), the consequences of which had originally been widely unappreciated, even by Fleming himself, Chain and his co-workers concentrated penicillin and showed that it was probably the most effective chemotherapeutic drug known, and that it was relatively non-toxic. This led to mass production of the drug, which has saved untold millions of lives. 

Chain and Florey shared the Nobel Prize with Fleming (No. 1933) in 1945. Biography of Florey by G. Macfarlane, 1979.

Mahoney and colleagues introduced penicillin in treatment of syphilis. This was the report of the first four cases of patients with early stages of the disease. Digital facsimile of the version published in the the American Journal of Public Health from PubMedCentral at this link.

See John Parascandola, "John Mahoney and the introduction of penicillin to treat syphilis," Pharmacy in history, 43 (2001) 3-13.

Clinical trials of pentaquine. With B. Craige, R. Jones, C. M. Whorton, T. N. Pullman, and L. Eichelberger.

Posadas (No. 5528.1) and Wernicke, a professor pathology in Buenos Aires, were the first to report cases of coccidioidomycosis. German translation of Wernicke’s paper in Zbl. Bakt., 1892, 12, 859-61.

"Samuel Thomson, born in New Hampshire in 1769 to an illiterate farming family, had no formal education, but he learned the elements of botanical medicine from a "root doctor," who he met in his youth. Thomson sought to release patients from the harsh bleeding or purging regimens of regular physicians by offering inexpensive and gentle medicines from their own fields and gardens. He melded his followers into a militant corps of dedicated believers, using them to successfully lobby state legislatures to pass medical acts favorable to their cause.

 "John S. Haller Jr. points out that Thomson began his studies by ministering to his own family. He started his professional career as an itinerant healer traveling a circuit among the small towns and villages of Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. Eventually, he transformed his medical practice into a successful business enterprise with agents selling several hundred thousand rights or franchises to his system. His popular New Guide to Health (1822) went through thirteen editions, including one in German, and countless thousands were reprinted without permission.

"Told here for the first time, Haller's history of Thomsonism recounts the division within this American medical sect in the last century. While many Thomsonians displayed a powerful, vested interest in anti-intellectualism, a growing number found respectability through the establishment of medical colleges and a certified profession of botanical doctors." (publisher)

A graduate of the Eclectic Medical College in Cincinnati, Vaughn was a member of the New York State Senate (31st D.) in 1878 and 1879, and was elected as a Republican to the 46th United States Congress, holding office from March 4, 1879 to September 18, 1880, when he resigned. On the title page of this book, which was reprinted many times, Pierce styled himself "Counselor-in-chief of the Board of Physicians and Surgeons, at the World's Dispensary".  Pierce manufactured and sold of patent medicines, and established the Invalids' Hotel and Surgical Institute. His manufacturing business started with "Doctor Pierce's Favorite Prescription", which he followed with other medicines, including Smart Weed and Dr. Pierce's Pleasant Pellets. Nearly one million bottles of Dr. Pierce's Smart Weed and other preparations shipped annually.

Introduction of bone marrow biopsy by puncturing the shaft of the tibia.

Piorry, pioneer of mediate percussion, introduced the percussor and the pleximeter in 1826. He also developed refinements to Laennec’s stethoscope.

Demikhov coined the term transplantology, and this work, first published in Russian in 1960, and translated and published in 1962 in New York, Berlin and Madrid, was the first monograph on transplantation of organs and tissues. Includes an extensive study of the historical literature and also an extensive bibliography of references in Russian and western languages.

The true nature of ovarian endometriomata was elucidated by Sampson.

A conclusive demonstration of the pathology and symptoms of disease of the vermiform appendix. Fitz invented the term “appendicitis”; his paper, which records 25 cases collected by himself, convinced physicians of the need to remove the appendix immediately if threatening symptoms did not subside within 24 hours. Reprinted in Med. Classics, 1938, 2, 459-91.

The first comprehensive study of duodenal ulcer. Commercial edition, Berlin: A. Hirschwald, 1865. Digital facsimile of the 1864 edition from the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek at this link. Digital facsimile of the 1865 edition from the Internet Archive at this link.

The extent of Claudius Galen's written work was so great that Galen himself felt the need to provide a bibliography organizing and explaining his own writings. He also felt the need to distinguish between works that he had actually written and works that were being falsely attributed to him. About 190 CE  Galen wrote two classified bibliographies of his own writings: Peri ton idion biblion [Latin: De Libris propriis liber, On his own writings] and Peri tes taxeos ton idion biblion [Latin: De ordine librorum suorum liber, On the arrangement of his own writings]. These are the first auto-bibliographical works which survived, and they may also be considered the first bibliographies of any kind which survived after the listings from the library of Alexandria by Kallimachos (Callimachus), which survived only in the most fragmentary form.

"The De libris propriis liber opens with a general introduction, in which Galen refers to the books falsely attributed to him. The main text is divided into seventeen chapters, in which Galen arranges his works under such headings as commentaries, anatomical works, Hippocratic writings, works on moral philosophy, grammar and rhetoric, and so on. This bibliography apparently did not suffice as a guide to the five hundred or so works Galen had put out (many of them now lost), for he added a second one. This is the De ordine librorum suorum liber, of which second bibliography unfortunately only a fragment has come down to us" (Besterman, The Beginnings of Systematic Bibliography 2nd ed (1940) 3, nos. I & II).

Galen's bibliographies were first published in print in Part IV, ff.**1-6, of the editio princeps of his collected writings in Greek issued by the heirs of Aldus Manutius and Aldus's father-in-law, Andreas Asulanus, in Venice in 1525. They were revised and improved by Conrad Gessner for an edition published in Basel in 1562.

An annotated bibliography of the literature to June 1962. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Cesalpino preceded Harvey in the discovery of the concept of the circulation, and Harvey must have known of his ideas, but Cesalpino’s idea of the circulation was not supported by convincing experimental work or quantitative evidence.

Peripheral atrophy of the optic nerve was described by Fuchs and called “Fuchs’s optic atrophy”.

First implantation of silicone rubber tube to replace urethra.

Laroque combined a superior transperitoneal gridiron incision with a Bassini repair.

Anterior pituitary diabetogenic hormone.

Tooth described peroneal muscular atrophym a hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy of the peripheral nervous system, independently of, and in the same year as, Charcot and Marie. Known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, it is the most commonly inherited neurological disorder affecting about one in 2,500 people.
Digital facsimile from U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.

Kuhn introduced the intratracheal insufflation method of anesthetization about 1900; he used a flexible metal tube and a curved introducer. He also experimented with positive and negative pressure insufflation.

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/

"The Perseus Digital Library Project began at Tufts University, Medford/Somerville, Massachusetts in 1985. Though the project was ostensibly about Greek and Roman literature and culture, it evolved into an exploration of the ways that digital collections could enhance scholarship with new research tools that took libraries and scholarship beyond the physical book. The following quote came from their website around 2010:

"Since planning began in 1985, the Perseus Digital Library Project has explored what happens when libraries move online. Two decades later, as new forms of publication emerge and millions of books become digital, this question is more pressing than ever. Perseus is a practical experiment in which we explore possibilities and challenges of digital collections in a networked world.

"Our flagship collection, under development since 1987, covers the history, literature and culture of the Greco-Roman world. We are applying what we have learned from Classics to other subjects within the humanities and beyond. We have studied many problems over the past two decades, but our current research centers on personalization: organizing what you see to meet your needs.

"We collect texts, images, datasets and other primary materials. We assemble and carefully structure encyclopedias, maps, grammars, dictionaries and other reference works. At present, 1.1 million manually created and 30 million automatically generated links connect the 100 million words and 75,000 images in the core Perseus collections. 850,000 reference articles provide background on 450,000 people, places, organizations, dictionary definitions, grammatical functions and other topics."

In December 2013 I found this description of their activities on their website:

"Perseus has a particular focus upon the Greco-Roman world and upon classical Greek and Latin, but the larger mission provides the distant, but fixed star by which we have charted our path for over two decades. Early modern English, the American Civil War, the History and Topography of London, the History of Mechanics, automatic identification and glossing of technical language in scientific documents, customized reading support for Arabic language, and other projects that we have undertaken allow us to maintain a broader focus and to demonstrate the commonalities between Classics and other disciplines in the humanities and beyond. At a deeper level, collaborations with colleagues outside of classical studies make good on the claim that a classical education generally provides those critical skills and that intellectual adaptability that we claim to instill in our students. We offer the combination of classical and non-classical projects that we pursue as one answer to those who worry that a classical education will leave them or their children with narrow, idiosyncratic skills.

"Within this larger mission, we focus on three categories of access:

Human readable information: digitized images of objects, places, inscriptions, and printed pages, geographic information, and other digital representations of objects and spaces. This layer of functionality allows us to call up information relevant to a longitude and latitude coordinate or a library call number. In this stage digital representations provide direct access to the physical senses of actual people in particular places and times. In some cases (such as high resolution, multi-spectral imaging), digital sources already provide better physical access than has ever been feasible when human beings had direct contact with the physical artifact.

"Machine actionable knowledge: catalogue records, encyclopedia articles, lexicon entries, and other structured information sources. Physical access can serve our senses but provides no information about what we are encountering - in effect, physical access is like visiting a historical site about which we may know nothing and where any visible documentation is in a language that we cannot understand. Machine actionable knowledge allows us to retrieve information about what we are viewing. Thus, if we encounter a page from a Greek manuscript of Homer, we could at this stage find cleanly printed modern editions of the Greek, modern language translations, commentaries and other background information about the passage on that manuscript page. If we moved through a virtual Acropolis, we could retrieve background information about the buildings and the sculpture.

"Machine generated knowledge: By analyzing existing information automated systems can produce new knowledge. Machine actionable knowledge allows, for example, us to look up a dictionary entry (e.g., facio, "to do, make") in a dictionary or to find pre-existing translations for a passage in Latin or Greek. Machine generated knowledge allows a machine to recognize that fecisset is a pluperfect subjunctive form of facio and to provide reading support where there is no pre-existing human translation. Such reading support might include full machine translation but also finer grained services such as word and phrase translation (e.g., recognizing whetherorationes in a given context more likely corresponds to English "speeches," "prayers" or some other term), syntactic analysis (e.g., recognizing that orationes in a given passage is the object of a given verb), named entity identification (e.g., identifying Antonium in a given passage as a personal name and then as a reference to Antonius the triumvir) " (http://historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1238, accessed 02-2018).

The first book to contain illustrations of natural objects as seen through the microscope— specifically an engraving of the exterior surface of bees. The work includes the Latin text of the Satyrae VI of Aulus Persius Flaccus together with an Italian translation and notes by Stelluti. Digital facsimile from Linda Hall Library at this link.

Ferry modified Weber’s law on the relationship between stimulus and sensation. Following the work of Porter, Proc. roy. Soc. (Lond.), 1898, 63, 347; 1902, 70, 313, the term “Ferry–Porter Law” came into being.

Broca localized the speech center in the left frontal lobe. He asserted that aphasia was associated with a lesion on the left third frontal convolution of the brain – “Broca’s center”. He was preceded in this discovery by Marc Dax, a student who recorded in his unpublished thesis submitted to the Faculty of Medicine in Montpellier in 1836 his observations that the left hemisphere was usually found damaged in aphasics. English translation in J. Neurosurg., 1964, 21, 426-27. The standard biography is Paul Broca, founder of French anthropology, explorer of the brain by F. Schiller. Berkeley, University of California Press, [1979]. See also No. 1400.

The most comprehensive work on the coca plant and the history of its use by the Incas and their descendants. Reprinted, San Francisco, And/Or Press, 1974.

Rodenwaldt studied of the course of plague in Venice from 1575-1577 and the measures taken to combat the epidemic, considering symptoms, transmitter, environment, climatic influences, and the success and failure of the administration in handling the crisis. 

Schyller’s book on sweating sickness deals with the German epidemic of 1528-30.

Yersin discovered the plague bacillus Pasteurella (Yersinia) pestis, isolating it from excised buboes. He published the first account of this organism. Preliminary note in C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris), 1894, 119, 356.

Successful inoculation of animals with anti-plague vaccine. 

English translation, 1722. Digital facsimile of the Amsterdam 1665 edition revised and expanded by the author from Google Books at this link.

A study of medals and tokens relating to epidemics of plague and other infectious diseases.

Clifford Allbutt considered Franco the best lithotomist of the 16th century. His skill in extracting the stone by the perineal route was of a high order; in 1556 he introduced the operation of suprapubic cystotomy in operating for stone, which is recorded in the above. Franco also provided the first description of an operation for strangulated hernia. Franco, in 1556, was the first to perform suprapubic cystotomy. Poor, and largely self-taught, he greatly improved the technique of herniotomy.

The Kahun Gynecological Papyrus (also Kahun Papyrus, Kahun Medical Papyrus, or UC 32057) is the oldest known medical text on papyrus, dating from circa 1800 BCE. It was found at El-Lahun, Egypt (Faiyum, Kahun, كاهون‎) by Flinders Petrie in 1889, and first translated by F. Ll. Griffith in 1893, and published in The Petrie Papyri: Hieratic Papyri from Kahun and Gurob. The papyrus concerns women's health issues—gynecological diseases, fertility, pregnancy, and contraception. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

"The Peyote religion is a medico-religious cult. In considering native American medicines, one must always bear in mind the difference between the aboriginal concept of a medicinal agent and that of our modern Western medicine. Primitive societies, in general, cannot conceive of natural death or illness but believe that they are due to supernatural interference. There are two types of "medicines": those with purely physical effects (i.e., to relieve toothache or digestive upsets); and the medicines, "par excellence", that put the medicine man into communication, through a variety of hallucinations, with the malevolent spirits that cause illness and death" (Schultes & Hofman [1992] https://www.peyote.org/, accessed 6-2019)

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

In this work on the geographical distribution of plants Schimper coined the terms tropical rainforest and sclerophyll. English translation by William R. Fisher, revised and edited by Percy Groom and Isaac Bayley Balfour as Plant-Geography upon a physiological basis (Oxford, 1903). Digital facsimile of the 1903 translation from Google Books at this link. Digital facsimile of the 1908 second German edition from the Internet Archive at this link.

Although not printed until 1868, this treatise was written about 1460, and is the first work of the early German surgeons. Pfolspeundt was a Bavarian army surgeon; his book includes the first allusion to the extraction of bullets, and gives an account of rhinoplasty. Some authorities have used the name “Pfolsprundt”; for an explanation of this mistake, see Muffat, in S. B. k. bayer. Akad. Wiss. München, 1869, 1, 564. It includes the earliest western account of rhinoplasty after Celsus, probably learned from one of the Brancas, itinerant Sicilian surgeons of the early 15th century. Pfolspeundt also described harelip and its treatment. Digital facsimile from Heinrich Heine Universität Dusseldorf at this link.

Kelman introduced phacoemulsification in 1967.

Classical paper on ciliary epithelial motion. Reprinted in Purkynĕ’s Opera omnia (No. 82), pp. 277-371, 1918. English translation in Dublin J. med. chem. Sci., 1835, 7, 279-84.

The classic of psychoactive drug classification. Lewin established the following categories: Euphorics, Phantastics, Inebriants, Hypnotics, and Excitants. English translation, 1931.

Willis’s last work deals with the anatomy and physiology of the thoracic and abdominal organs, and contains the first description of the superficial lymphatics of the lungs, the first clinical and pathological account of emphysema, and a clear and accurate description of pertussis (whooping-cough). The book also contains the first distinction between diabetes mellitus, characterized by glycosuria, from diabetes insipidus, in which sugar is not present in the urine. Willis noted that psychogenic factors, such as grief or sadness, could bring on diabetes. The second volume, published posthumously, includes a life of the author.

Three versions of Willis’s book were published simultaneously: A quarto version with the imprint of the Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford, another quarto version with the London imprint of Robert Scott added, and a duodecimo edition

"Epidemiorum et ephemeridum libri duo, pars secunda" in vol. 2 contains (p. 99) a description of “puerorum tussis convulsiva, chincough dicta” – a clear account of whooping cough (Treatise IX, pt. 2, p. 38 of his Practice of physick, 1684).

On the title page Dymock is identified as "Brigade Surgeon, Bombay Army, Principal Medical Storekeeper to Government." Warden is identified as "Surgeon-Major, Bengal Army, Professor of Chemistry in the Calcutta Medical College." Hooper is identified as "Quinologist to the Government of Madras, Ootacamund." Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

First description of cancer caused by arsenic (p. 133).

R. N. Chopra, J. C. Gupta, and B. Mukherjee demonstrated the sedative and hypotensive effect of an alkaloid isolated from Rauwolfia serpentina (reserpine).

Introduction of hexamethonium bromide.

Includes useful historical information.

Introduction of meprobamate, later used for the treatment of anxiety. Miltown was the first widely prescribed psychotropic drug.

Phenformin, a biguanide formerly used in diabetes. With L. Freedman and S. L. Shapiro. Clinical report on pp. 193-4.

The first London pharmacopeia, issued by the (Royal) College of Physicians. The first edition was published on May 7, but contained many typographical errors; a corrected edition appeared on December 7, 1618. In the first issue the name of the publisher was printed “Marriot”. Facsimile reprint of both versions, with introduction by G. Urdang, Madison, 1944.

The first herbal printed in North America, and the first full-length medical book published in North America. From the 1653 London edition.

The first national pharmacopoeia issued in Spain, also controlling drug preparation and use for the Spanish empire. It included botanical, mineral and animal substances, and substances obtained from the Spanish empire overseas.

"The first edition of the Pharmacopoeia Matritensis that appeared in 1739 was divided into six main parts. The first part provided an introduction to pharmacy with a chapter on the 'subject and object' of pharmacy, on medical simples, on the instruments used in pharmacy, and on 'common pharmaceutical operations.' The second part included more than thirty chapters describing different kinds of compositions and "medical mixtures', while the third, fourth and fifth parts described recipes for different types of prepared medicines, including extracts, conserves, juleps, syrups, powders, pills, oils, and others. Finally, the sixth and seventh parts dealt with 'chemical operations,' including the distillation of waters, spirits, oils, and other chemical preparations" (Matthew & Gabriel, Drugs on the page: Pharmacopeias and healing knowledge in the early modern Atlantic world).

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Waring was "Surgeon in Her Majesty's Indian Army." Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

The first state pharmacopeia issued in the United States. Jackson and Warren were the "Committee for the Pharmacopoeia." Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

The first official US pharmacopoeia. Spalding began campaigning for a national pharmacopeia in 1815. His efforts finally bore fruit in a national convention that met in 1820 and adopted a pharmacopeia based mainly on the Pharmacopoeia of the Massachusetts Medical Society (1808). Spalding chaired the Committee of Publication for the  national pharmacopoeia. The title page of the first edition bore the date "Dec. 1820" Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link. 

The first original pharmacopeia published in the USA. Reproduced in facsimile, with translation, in The Badger Pharmacist, 1938. No. 22-25.

Foes is credited with coining the word pharmacopeia in the title of this work. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

The first "real" pharmacopeia to be published. It was recognized as the official pharmacopeia of Nuremberg. Facsimile edition, 1934. Digital facsimile of the 1546 edition from Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main at this link.

Traces the origins of pharmacy in ancient civilizations and its development in England from medieval to modern times.

First translation into a modern language.

Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) introduced into medicine.

Phase contrast microscopy was invented by Zernike. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1953.

Leslie and Gardner classified H. pertussis cultures into four types and established an experimental basis for the development of an effective vaccine.

"Bulmer promoted what we would call today 'central nervous system plasticity,' in describing how one sense could take over the duties of another. This is well illustrated in the frontispiece of this work, which is the first representation of bone conduction, illustrated by the person 'listening' to the cello with his teeth. The figure in the middle shows the effects of speech articulation by blowing smoke. At the bottom are four faces. 'The first head shows a man with the mouth not in the normal position but located in the middle of the nose (smell), meaning that he can taste through his nose. The second man lacks a nose, and his mouth is shifted to the area of his nasal root, meaning that he can smell through his mouth (taste). The third man is blind, however, in each auricle an eye is engraved, thus he is able to see with his ears. The man on the right has no ears, but he hears with the right eye which is shown by the engraver by an auricle replacing the eye" (Robert Ruben, Hear, Hear! Six Centuries of Otology [2002] No. 80). Reproduction of the engraved frontispiece from the Folger Shakespeare Library at this link. Digital facsimile of the 1648 edition lacking the frontispiece from Gallaudet University, Internet Archive at this link.

This edition, chronologically the fourth printed, of Albertus's commentaries on various works of Aristotle, contains the first printed illustration of the brain, showing in profile the three-cell theory of brain function in a schematic way that was based very loosely on Galen, but initially formalized in the late 4^th century by the Christian theologian, Nemesius, Bishop of Emesa. "In his book, De Natura Hominis (On the Nature of Man), Nemesius postulated that all faculties of the immaterial soul are located entirely in the ventricles, with each of them being responsible for a specific quality based on Aristotle’s classification of these functions. Essentially Nemesius attributed sensation and the unification of images (common sense) to the refinement of psychic pneuma (animal spirits) in our lateral ventricles (together the first ventricle), cognition to our third ventricle (the second ventricle), and memory to our fourth ventricle (the third ventricle). This exceptionally complex topic was greatly elaborated over the centuries, and crudely illustrated in certain manuscripts before the version printed in 1490. The relevant manuscript and early printed versions are thoroughly illustrated by Clarke & Dewhurst (1996)" (communication from Larry W. Swanson). ISTC no. ia00296000.

rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org

"In 1662, the newly formed 'Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge' was granted a charter to publish by King Charles II and on 6 March 1665, the first issue of Philosophical Transactions was published under the visionary editorship of Henry Oldenburg, who was also the Secretary of the Society. The first volumes of what was the world's first scientific journal were very different from today's journal, but in essence it served the same function; namely to inform the Fellows of the Society and other interested readers of the latest scientific discoveries. As such, Philosophical Transactions established the important principles of scientific priority and peer review, which have become the central foundations of scientific journals ever since. In 1886, the breadth and scope of scientific discovery had increased to such an extent that it became necessary to divide the journal into two, Philosophical Transactions A and B, covering the physical sciences and the life sciences respectively."

"Most of our oldest content is now freely available, specifically, all papers older than 70 years. In addition, papers published between 10 years ago and either 12 months ago (biological sciences) or 24 months ago (physical sciences) are freely available. For Biographical Memoirs all issues are now freely available, apart from the most recent issue" (https://royalsociety.org/journals/free-content/, accessed 02-2017).

[When I created this entry I was unable to determine when this digitization project originated; therefore I arbitarily assigned the year 2000. If anyone could supply the project origination date that would be much appreciated.]

The elder Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire is credited with coining the word teratology, and was the first seriously to attempt the experimental production of anomalies, by manipulating chick eggs. See T. Cahn, La vie et l'oeuvre d’Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Paris, 1962.  Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

The last section of this commentary on Aristotle is an illustrated summary of anatomy, the text of which was derived, with some modifications, from medieval manuscripts. The series of eleven woodcuts has been called “the first series of anatomical figures specially prepared for a printed book”.  ISTC No. p00539000.  Digital facsimile from Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel at this link.

Lamarck was one of the greatest of the comparative anatomists. This work is considered the greatest exposition of his argument that evolution occurred by the inheritance of characteristics acquired by animals as a result of the use or disuse of organs in response to external stimuli. English translation by H. Elliot, 1914. Digital facsimile of the 1809 edition from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

This work on venoms and their antidotes is the only surviving work of the Byzantine physician Philomenos. Within this context Philomenos also discusses the bites of rabid dogs. Digital facsimile from Corpus medicorum Graecorum / Latinorum at this link.

Discovery of adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP).

Large folio, issued in 16 parts, each image hand-colored and signed by Fox. This was physically the largest work and presumably the most expensive work issued by Fox.

Measurement by means of photography, of the speed of the nervous impulse.

Fox, who was Professor of Dermatology in New York, produced a valuable atlas of skin diseases.

The leading 19th century American publication of artistic medical photography. Each of the two volumes includes 24 mounted photographs. The photographs ilustrate cases of unusual and extreme disease, such as gross deformities from cancer, birth defects or syphilis. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

The first book on medical photography. Digital facsimile from http://jubilotheque.upmc.fr at this link.

The first dermatologic publication illustrated with photographs.

Malignant granuloma of the nose first described.

The first book entirely devoted to the photography of bacteria. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Finsen was a pioneer in the treatment of lupus by means of light. English translation, 1901.

The first application of the principles of pathology to the study of pulmonary tuberculosis. Morton showed that the formation of tubercles is a necessary part of the development of this lung disease, and pointed out that the tubercles often heal spontaneously. He noted the enlargement of the tracheal and bronchial glands in cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. The book was translated into English in 1694. Chap. I included the first account of anorexia nervosa.

30 double-page maps, 15 of which are after the physical atlas of Berghaus. Contributors included Edward Forbes, George Waterhouse, Abbe Boué, etc. Various concern disease.

The author, a professor of Kinesiology and Health Education at the University of Texas at Austin, is a powerlifter who was once considered the strongest woman in the world.

The English translation of Blankaart’s dictionary was the first medical dictionary to be printed in the British Isles. The original Greek-Latin text was published in Amsterdam, 1679.

An expanded version of a lecture first delivered and published as a pamphlet in 1830. This is the first edition in book form, and one of the first American works on the value of exercise for the preservation of health. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Study of caisson disease and its treatement resulting from experience in treating workmen constructing the Eads Bridge, which opened in 1874. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.

“Clio medica” series.

Concerns training methods and equipment, primarily for men (3 pages devoted to women) in the United States, with a chapter on training in Germany. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Drysdale emphasized that sexual intercourse should be pleasurable for both sexes, but believed that the ever-present possibility of pregnancy prevented it from being so. He also believed that overpopulation itself was a major cause of poverty for which birth control was a solution. He also believed that fear of having more children encouraged men to turn to prostitutes, and was also a strong inhibitor of a women's willingness to express their sexuality. Drysdale also believed that immoderate amounts of sexual activity were dangerous, and he was horrified by variant sexuality, including masturbation. In spite of the limitations of Drysdale's ideas, Havelock Ellis was greatly influenced to enter the field of sex research by reading Drysdale's book.

Only six pages of Drysdale's book were devoted to contraception. He discussed five techniques, two of which, the sponge and the douche, he advised were to be used together. His douche solution, however, was simply tepid water, which he held would flush out the sperm from the vagina, after which the sponge could be removed. He also advocated that women use a safe period, which he said was from two to three days before menstruation to eight days after  Coitus interruptus, he wrote, was “physically injurious” because it might cause mental disorders and illness in the man and it also interfered with pleasure.The condom, in his mind, was unaesthetic, dulled enjoyment, and might even produce impotence. Digital facsimile from the National Library of Australia at this link.

Includes texts of the following authors:  Abitianus, Actuarius, Johannes, Alexander, of Aphrodisias, Andromachus (Senior), Apollonius, Dyscolus, 2nd cent, Archelaus (philosophus), Cassius (Iatrosophistes), Hermes, Trismegistus, Hierophilus (Sophistes), Hierotheus, Marcellus Sidetes, Maximus Planudae, Mercurius, Cyrus, Palladius Alexandrinus, Psellus, Michael, Soranus, of Ephesus, Sotion, Stephanus (Alexandrinus), Symeon Magister, Theophrastus, Theophylactus Simocatta, Xenocrates Aphrodisiensis. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

"During this era of rampant sectarianism in medicine, doctors frequently became dishonest or abusive as they competed for patients. To deal with this situation, the American Medical Association adopted [in 1847] a code of professional ethics. Hooker wrote a book-length commentary on this code, Physician and Patient.... Published in 1849, this book was the only comprehensive monograph about medical ethics written by an American during the nineteenth century....Reviewers praised Physician and Patient for its balanced analysis of the ethical responsibilities of both physicians and patients" (Chester Burns in ANB 11, 139-140). Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link. 

Linacre Lecture, 1913.

Sections are devoted to research and serendipity, the role of the physician, quacks and clowns, clinical descriptions in literature, doctors and students, the practice, women and healing, madness, dying, and the patient, among others.  The authors include Auden, Bellow, Dickens, Doyle, Fitzgerald, Flaubert, Goethe, Holmes, Keats, Mann, Maugham, Melville, Orwell, Schweitzer, Shakespeare, Shaw, Tolstoy, Twain, Williams, and Zinsser, etc.

"Reprinted with additions and corrections from Annals of medical history (n. s., vol. II, nos. 4, 5, 6, 1930, and vol. III, nos. 1, 2, 1931)."

Prepared for William Osler's seventieth birthday but not completed in time. Selections were approved by Osler, and the anthology was in publication when Osler died. Osler looked forward to the volume. Less than a month before he died, Osler wrote to Garrison, "Nothing yet from Milford - I suppose the manuscript is in process of purification! There are still many things in it I wish to see. The Press will follow your wishes as to format. I am sure the entire Volume will be most attractive. I think I have sent a letter since my illness - Still in bed" (Cushing, Life of Sir William Osler, 2, 677.)

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

The second edition was entitled, A biographical dictionary of contemporary American physicians and surgeons. Philadelphia, D. G. Brinton, 1880.  Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

Before watches had hands to record the seconds, Floyer invented a pulse-watch which divided the minute. He was the first to count the pulse with the aid of a watch and to make regular observations on the pulse-rate. The second volume contains the first English translation of Cleyer’s book on Chinese pulse-lore, Specimen medicinae Sinicae. (see No. 6492).

The antibody class labeled immunoglobulin E (IgE) discovered simultanteously by two independent groups: Ishizaka's team at the Children's Asthma Research Institute and Hospital in Denver, Colorado, and by Gunnar Johansson and Hans Bennich in Uppsala, Sweden. The publication by the Uppsala team is: Johansson, SG, Bennich, H."Immunological studies of an atypical (myeloma) immunoglobulin" Immunology 13 (1967) 381–94. The joint paper by both teams is: Ishizaka, Teruko; Ishizaka, Kimishige; Johansson, S. Gunnar O.; Bennich, Hans. "Histamine Release from Human Leukocytes by Anti-λE Antibodies". Journal of Immunology. 102(4) (1969) 884–892.

Proceedings of the first symposium on high altitude physics and medicine sponsored in the U.S. after World War II, summarizing research done in the nascent U.S. space program based on the V2 rocket, the WAC Corporal rocket and the Viking rocket, up to November, 1951.  Among the contributors were Fritz Haber, Heinz Haber, Herman J. Muller, Victor Regener, Hubertus Strughold, James A. van Allen, Wernher von Braun, and Fred Lawrence Whipple. All chapters included thorough bibliographies.

 A second edition in octavo format with 80 small plates was published in 1842. Baumgärtner, a pupil of Friedrich Tiedemann and Leopold Gmelin at Heidelberg, taught that it was possible to make a correct diagnosis with accompanying medical treatment by studying the patient’s physiognomy, the expression of the face, the color of the skin, the eyes, the lips, etc . The 8vo edition was reprinted in 1929.

"...explores the concepts of physiognomy and eugenics and raises questions about what are "legitimate" sciences.^[2] She describes how "the appeal of physiognomy lay not so much in any of its scientific pretension but rather in how it seemed to validate an already widespread cultural conviction" (Wikipedia article on Lucy Hartley, accessed 02-2018).

Corfe was Resident Medical Officer at London's Middlesex Hospital, Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, and author of works on various medical subjects. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.