Leprosy first became known to Europeans during the 12th century when a frightening epidemic ravaged Catholic Europe. The Church responded by constructing charitable institutions called leprosariums to treat the rapidly expanding number of victims. Long before this the Byzantine Empire was forced to confront the disease. 

http://wallace-online.org/

"Wallace Online is the first complete edition of the writings of naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace, including the first compilation of his specimens. The project is directed by John van Wyhe, assisted by Kees Rookmaaker, at the National University of Singapore, in collaboration with the Wallace Page by Charles H. Smith.

Biography

Illustrations

Wallace in Singapore

About the project

Acknowledgements

Quick links: Wallace's books, book chapters, articles
Amazon, Sarawak law, Darwin-Wallace paper, Malay Archipelago, Darwinism, My Life, Letters and reminiscences.
To search Wallace's complete works (and not other authors) click Advanced Search."

Waterton traveled to the Guyana region of South America to obtain curare. He provided a detailed description of its paralyzing effects, its preparation by distillation, and the blowpipe and darts used to deliver it. On his return to England Waterton conducted experiments with curare. His researches, in collaboration with veterinarian Wiliam Sewell and surgeon Benjamin Brodie, stimulated medical interest in the poison. One experiment that Waterton performed included resuscitating an animal poisoned with curare by blowing air into its lungs. This he tried at the suggestion of the natives who had supplied him with a few of their antidotes along with the poison. Reprinted, London, O. U. P., 1973, edited by L. H. Matthews. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

“Dietl’s crisis”. Dietl described the sudden severe attacks of nephralgic or gastric pain, chills, fever, nausea and vomiting, and general collapse, ascribing them to partial turning of the kidney upon its pedicle. First published in Przeglad Lekarski, 1864, 3, 225, 233, 241.

Reprinted in book form, Leipzig, F. Deuticke, 1912. Jung was among the first to support Freud’s views on psychoanalysis, and was considered by Freud to be his most brilliant pupil. Jung applied psychoanalytic theory to the study of myths, developing the idea of the collective unconscious. In 1913 Jung broke away from Freud and founded the school of analytical psychology. English translation by Beatrice M. Hinkle as Psychology of the unconscious: A study of the transformations and symbolisms of the libdio. A Contribution to the history of the evolution of thought. (New York: Moffat, Yard, 1916). In 1952 Jung published a thoroughly revised version of the work, translated into English in 1956 as Symbols of Transformation, and issued as volume five of Jung's Collected Works

Digital facsimile of the 1912 edition from the Hathi Trust at this link; of the 1916 English translation at this link.

This huge atlas of obstetric wall charts contains 20 chromolithographed plates measuring over 3 feet by 2 feet, illustrating the female reproductive anatomy, stages of pregnancy, normal and breech presentations of the fetus, and various types of vaginal delivery. These plates were intended to be mounted on the wall; they are probably the largest obstetrical charts ever published in book form. Included is an illustration of “Schultze’s mechanism” of normal placental separation and expulsion, in which the placenta slips “through the same rent in the membranes from which the fetus emerged . . . pulling its attached membranes along, inner surface showing, like a sock turned inside out” (Speert, Obstetrics and Gynecology: A History and Iconography, p. 250). Schultze, a professor of obstetrics at the University of Jena, is also known for his invention of the Schultze obstetric simulator, a dummy or manikin of the female pelvis used to demonstrate the mechanism of childbirth; this device was widely used in both Germany and the United States. Digital facsimile of the text from Google Books at this link.

Original description of angiokeratoma (“Mibelli’s disease” – so named from the latter’s description of it in 1891; see No. 4105).

“Paschen elementary bodies”; see also No. 5427.

Annotated catalogue of wax models made by Konig; summary in English.

An annotated bibliography of the literature documenting the history of this controversy together with reproductions of the texts of the crucial papers. See Nos. 1254-1259.

Tryon, an English merchant, was the author of popular self-help books and an early advocate of vegetarianism. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Ploss incorporated a vast amount of data concerning every aspect of woman in the unillustrated first edition, and died the year it was published. He covered anthropology, psychology, aesthetics, physiology, sexuality, in what became a standard work. Digital facsimile of the first edition from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Anthropologists Maximilian Bartels and his son Paul Bartels edited the work through several expanded and illustrated editions, which were a major commercial success, probably because the set contained material on sexuality. After the death of Paul Bartels in 1914 sexologist Ferdinand von Reitzenstein continued the editorial work and published the 11th edition in 1927. Digital facsimile of that edition from the Hathi Trust at this link.

An English translation in 3 vols. by Eric John Dingwall was published in London in 1935 as Woman: An historical gynaecological and anthropological compendium. Dingwall improved the text and plates significantly. By that time the work included more than 1000 illustrations in black and white and 7 color plates. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Independantly of Filatov, Ganzer devised a tubed flap for repairs about the mouth and jaw.

Bull. Inst. Med. Res., F. M. S., 1926, No. 1. Demonstration that scrub-typhus patients developed agglutinins against the OX-K strain of B. proteus but not the OX-19 strain.

Only six weeks after Bennett, Virchow independently published a report on the necropsy of a case of leukemia. He gave the condition its present name. For translation, see Major, Classic descriptions of disease, 3rd. ed., 1945, p. 510.

“Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease”, familial centrolobar sclerosis (see also No. 4703).

First description of Salmonella paratyphi C.

Stacke did much to improve the surgery of the middle ear. He made important modifications in the radical mastoidectomy operation of Küster and von Bergmann.

In 1890, Koch announced the discovery of tuberculin, a substance derived from tubercle bacilli, which he thought was capable of arresting bacterial development in-vitro and in animals. This news gave rise to tremendous hope throughout the world, which was soon replaced by disillusionment when the product turned out to be an ineffective therapeutic agent. In this paper Koch provided his definitive expression of "Koch's Postulates."

The second paper described “Koch’s phenomenon”, and tuberculin skin test. Koch showed that tuberculin injected intradermally would elicit a severe local inflammatory reaction in tuberculous patients. This was the first diagnostic skin test. Abbreviated English translation of second paper in Bibel, Milestones of immunology (1988).

Doerr and Russ suggested that the virus of phlebotomus fever may be transmitted from one generation of infected Phlebotomus papatasii to another.

First accurate description of the malaria Plasmodium, discovered by Laveran in 1880. These writers were the first to adopt the name P. malariae.

New antipneumococcus serum.

Introduction of atebrin (mepacrine, quinacrine).

A progress report on this pioneering information retrieval project. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

The first study of Medicaid.  Revised edition, 2003.

http://wellcomelibrary.org/collections/digital-collections/

"The Wellcome Library is developing a world-class online resource for the history of medicine by digitising a substantial proportion of its holdings and making the content freely available on the web.

The first work to apply hydrodynamics to the circulation of the blood.

In this work Arrhenius predicted the possibility of man-made global warming. His prediction that significant global warming would take ~3000 years to develop is now recognized as a substantial underestimate due in part to his failure to foresee the rapid increases in fossil fuel use during the twentieth century. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Ehrlich improved Behring’s diphtheria antitoxin through quantitative titration and established an international standard for this and other antitoxins. This was the beginning of the concept of biological standardization. The first exposition of Ehrlich’s side-chain theory appeared in this paper. Abridged English translation in Bibel, Milestones in immunology (1988).

Covers the influence of Western medicine on Japan from the seventeenth century through 1870.

Traces the development of Western medicine in China from 1805 to the creation of the Peking Union Medical College.

This work about the physical basis of natural phenomena influenced the young James D. Watson and others. The book was a popularization of ideas developed by Max Delbrück in his paper with Timofeeff-Ressovsky in 1935. See No. 254.1.

Sydney Brenner pointed out a fundamental mistake in Schrödinger’s understanding of how genes would operate:

“Anyway, the key point is that Schrödinger says that the chromosomes contain the information to specify the future organism and the means to execute it. I have come to call this ‘Schrödinger’s fundamental error.’ In describing the structure of the chromosome fibre as a code script he states that. ‘The chromosome structures are at the same time instrumental in bringing about the development they foreshadow. They are code law and executive power, or to use another simile, they are the architect’s plan and the builder’s craft in one.’ [Schrödinger, p. 20,]. What Schrödinger is saying here is that the chromosomes not only contain a description of the future organism, but also the means to implement the description, or program, as we might call it. And that is wrong! The chromosomes contain the information to specify the future organism and a description of the means to implement this, but not the means themselves. This logical difference was made crystal clear to me when I read the von Neumann article [Hixon Symposium] because he very clearly distinguishes between the things that read the program and the program itself. In other words, the program has to build the machinery to excute itself" (Brenner, My Life, 33-34).

Ghost-written by American journalist, satirist, cultural critic and scholar of American English H. L. Mencken except for the "questions and answers." In a copy that sold at auction at Christies in 1995, Mencken inscribed the following: "I found Hirshberg. He prepared the material and I wrote the copy. More than 125,000 American mothers, using this invaluable text, have saved their brats from smallpox, arterio-sclerosis, poison-vol and delirium tremors. This has been my sole contribution to the salvation of humanity."  Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link. New edition as The H. L. Mencken baby book edited by Howard Markel and Frank Oski (Philadelphia, 1990).

Suppl. to Bull. Hist. Med., new ser., 5.

1. Background
2. Disease classifications and nomenclature documents
3. History of international health organizations documents
4. League of Nations malaria documents
5. Rare books on plague, smallpox and epidemiology 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines (accessed 12-2016).

The first list, published in 1977, included 204 pharmaceutical drugs.^[1] The WHO updates the list every two years. The WHO later added a separate WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children up to 12 years of age.

As of 2016, at least 156 countries have created national lists of essential medicines based on the WHO's model list.^[2] The national lists contain between 334 and 580 medications.^[3]

Moreno founded psychodrama, and pioneered group psychotherapy. Apart from its psychiatric and sociological significance, this work contained some of the earliest graphic depictions of social networks— data visualization methods later applied to numerous other disciplines. These images were later called sociograms. For a second edition published in Beacon, New York in 1953 Moreno revised the title to Who shall survive? foundations of sociometry, group psychotherapy and sociodrama.  Digital facsimile of the 1953 edition from asgpp.org at this link.

Order of authorship in the original publication: Grande, Michelacci, Bondi.... Demonstration that a phage infecting E. coli conveys the genes into the E. coli that code for the production of the verotoxin that causes hemolytic uremic syndrome. The authors also discovered that the reservoirs of this toxin-producing strain are pigeons.

Available from cdc.gov at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

First sequence of the complete genome of a free-living non-viral organism—Haemophilus influenzae—the bacterium that causes lower respiratory tract infections and meningitis in infants and young children. This genome consisted of 1,830,137 base pairs. Order of authorship in the original publication: Fleischmann, Adams, White....Smith, Venter. 

Digital facsimile from biology.iupui.edu at this link.

Although Bernstein considered that nerve could be exhausted, Vvedenskii was able, in this paper, to show that such is not the case. Further proof was supplied by Bowditch (No. 1281). Digital facsimile of Vvedenskii's paper from Google Books at this link.

English translation as The Vienna Medical School of the 19th century (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1977.) Second edition in German, 1979.

• 1.Big picture
  • 1.1Late 1700s–1930s (pre-WWII era)
  • 1.21940s–early 1960s (post-WWII era)
  • 1.3Late 1960s–1970s
  • 1.41980s–2000
  • 1.52000s and beyond
• 2.Full timeline
  • 2.1Inclusion criteria
  • 2.2Timeline
• 3.See also
  • 3.1General
  • 3.2Disease timelines
  • 3.3Healthcare by country
  • 3.4Others
• 4.References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_global_health, accessed 12-2016).

https://www.icrc.org/en/who-we-are/history

When I posted this in December 2016 there were over 5,300,000 entries just in the English language Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

Though, of course, the quality of entries, varies, and one has to read everything critically, many Wikipedia articles are the best encyclopedia entries on the subjects concerned, and, of course, they are free to all.

The standard biography of Röntgen with a detailed history of the discovery of X-rays and the early period of roentgenology. Includes a bibliography of 1044 items on the subject published during the first year after Röntgen’s discovery.

A separate edition in book form was also issued.

This is probably the most beautiful book published on the wide range of William Hunter's collecting that forms the Hunterian Museum and the Hunterian Collection in Glasgow University Library. 

Authoritative illustrated chapters on aspects of Hunter's collecting, including anatomy, zoology, entomology, fossils, numismatics, paintings, drawings, printed books and manuscripts. A collective work edited by Hancock, Pearce and Campbell.

Includes a previously unpublished essay by Maude Abbott, "Osler's contributions to our knowledge of heart disease."

The most significant biography of Sir William Osler since Harvey Cushing's work published in 1925.

Details William Osler's acquisition of the letters and his donation of them to the Royal Society of Medicine.

Mosher initiated the modern method of trephining and draining inflammatory processes of the brain.

“In a case of fracture-dislocation of the cervical spine (C 6-7) he [Hadra] performed open reduction, twisting metal wires around the spinous processes to stabilize the injured sector” (Bick). This is the first report of any type of spinal surgical immobilization being planned and successfully carried out.

First spinal fusion.

Introduction of plasmoquine (pamaquin) in the treatment of malaria.

An early American homeopathic title on The Effects of Snake Poison Comparatively Arranged for Therapeutic Use.  Hering assumed an analogy between snake venom and bacterial toxins. He drew his work from provings and testing of several snake venoms.

Digital facsimile of the much-enlarged 1692 second edition from the Internet Archive at this link.

A discussion of the regulation of body fluids, hunger, thirst, temperature, oxygen supply, water, sugar, and proteins of the body, and the role of the sympathetic-adrenal mechanism.

Modernized version of the Hippocratic Oath, promulgated in response to the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials.

https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-geneva/

"Adopted by the 2nd General Assembly of the World Medical Association, Geneva, Switzerland, September 1948
and amended by the 22nd World Medical Assembly, Sydney, Australia, August 1968
and the 35th World Medical Assembly, Venice, Italy, October 1983
and the 46th WMA General Assembly, Stockholm, Sweden, September 1994
and editorially revised by the 170th WMA Council Session, Divonne-les-Bains, France, May 2005
and the 173rd WMA Council Session, Divonne-les-Bains, France, May 2006
and amended by the 68th WMA General Assembly, Chicago, United States, October 2017

"The Physician’s Pledge

AS A MEMBER OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSION:

I SOLEMNLY PLEDGE to dedicate my life to the service of humanity;

THE HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF MY PATIENT will be my first consideration;

I WILL RESPECT the autonomy and dignity of my patient;

I WILL MAINTAIN the utmost respect for human life;

I WILL NOT PERMIT considerations of age, disease or disability, creed, ethnic origin, gender, nationality, political affiliation, race, sexual orientation, social standing or any other factor to intervene between my duty and my patient;

I WILL RESPECT the secrets that are confided in me, even after the patient has died;

I WILL PRACTISE my profession with conscience and dignity and in accordance with good medical practice;

I WILL FOSTER the honour and noble traditions of the medical profession;

I WILL GIVE to my teachers, colleagues, and students the respect and gratitude that is their due;

I WILL SHARE my medical knowledge for the benefit of the patient and the advancement of healthcare;

I WILL ATTEND TO my own health, well-being, and abilities in order to provide care of the highest standard;

I WILL NOT USE my medical knowledge to violate human rights and civil liberties, even under threat;

I MAKE THESE PROMISES solemnly, freely, and upon my honour."

Order of authorship in the original paper: Dutra, Rocha, Moreira. The authors infected lab populations of mosquitos with Wolbachia pipientis, a common parasitic microbe that infects a high proportion of insects. They then released the infected mosquitos into native populations of wild mosquitos, infecting the Aedes aegypti mosquitos. It was found that the infected mosquitos did not transmit the Zika virus because the Wolbachia stops or blocks Zika virus transmission in the mosquitos. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Details the work of women in the American Civil War in the fields of nursing, supply and sanitary organization (i.e. the Sanitary Commission) with biographies of notable women. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Also published in Cincinnati, Ohio by Howe's Subscription Book Concern, 1869.  The author, a physician and semi-popular writer, appears mainly to be writing in opposition to woman suffrage or to granting to women any form of social equality. Two years previously he issued a book (No. 7748) celebrating the achievements of women in the Civil War in the fields of nursing, supply and sanitary organiztion. Apparently he considered those roles approriate for women. The 1869 work contains unusual satirical plates. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

This 35-cent, 136-page book organized in 1969 by Nancy Miriam Hawley at Boston's Emmanuel College, was written by twelve Boston feminist activists. It eventually sold 250,000 copies in New England without any formal advertising, and evolved into a book entitled Our Bodies, Ourselves.

Together with Louisa Garrett Anderson (1873-1943), to whom the book was dedicated, Murray co-founded the Women's Hospital for Children in 1912. The hospital provided health care for working-class children of the area, and also provided women doctors their only opportunity to gain clinical experience in pediatrics in London; the hospital's motto was Deeds not Words. In WWI Murray and Anderson served in France with the Women's Hospital Corps (WHC), establishing military hospitals for the French Army in Paris and Wimereux. Their proposals were at first rejected by the British authorities, but eventually the WHC became established at the Endell Street Military Hospital, Holborn, London staffed entirely by women, from chief surgeon to orderlies. Digital facsimile from The Medical Heritage Library, Internet Archive at this link.

"As many as 20,000 women worked in Union and Confederate hospitals during America's bloodiest war. Black and white, and from various social classes, these women served as nurses, administrators, matrons, seamstresses, cooks, laundresses, and custodial workers. Jane E. Schultz provides the first full history of these female relief workers, showing how the domestic and military arenas merged in Civil War America, blurring the line between homefront and battlefront.

"Schultz uses government records, private manuscripts, and published sources by and about women hospital workers, some of whom are familiar--such as Dorothea Dix, Clara Barton, Louisa May Alcott, and Sojourner Truth--but most of whom are not well-known. Examining the lives and legacies of these women, Schultz considers who they were, how they became involved in wartime hospital work, how they adjusted to it, and how they challenged it. She demonstrates that class, race, and gender roles linked female workers with soldiers, both black and white, but became sites of conflict between the women and doctors and even among themselves.

"Schultz also explores the women's postwar lives--their professional and domestic choices, their pursuit of pensions, and their memorials to the war in published narratives. Surprisingly few parlayed their war experience into postwar medical work, and their extremely varied postwar experiences, Schultz argues, defy any simple narrative of pre-professionalism, triumphalism, or conciliation" (Publisher).

The history of female physicians in the U.S. military.

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Lists over 4,000 items published between 1750 and 1975. With R. Haimbach, C. Fenichel and N. B. Woodside.

Digital facsimile from jstor.org at this link.

"In the nineteenth century, major developments in internal surgery were due to operations on ovaries. Women bore the brunt of surgical experimentation and also reaped its rewards. Their need was great, but so was their compliance. From the first operation in America in 1809, much suffering was relieved at the expense of prolonged surgery endured by both black slaves and prosperous whites. Later, in the Victorian era, many surgeons looked at certain types of behavior as reasons for mutilating operations. Such procedures as "spaying" and clitoridectomies were performed to "cure" hysteria and masturbation, as well as questionable interventionalist surgery in pregnancy and childbirth which still continue today" (publisher).

The Appendix is Medieval gynecological texts: A handlist. This is "a list of all gynecological texts currently known to me from western Europe written between the 4th and 15th centuries. It includes gynecological excerpts from larger texts when they circulated independently. It also includes all vernacular gynecological textes, including those in Arabic (from Muslim Spain) and Hebrew...."

Dedicated "To Dr. Henry I. Bowditch, whose early, persistent, and enthusiastic labors make him the apostle of sanitation in America." Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Black established a system of cavity preparation from which modern techniques have been derived. He constructed a “gnathodynamometer” with which the pressure exerted on the human tooth and therefore on the filling material could be measured. Through experimentation he established an ideal metal mixture which was stable and did not discolor. Publication of his results led to standardization of the alloys. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

De motu animalium. De incessu animalium. In his Works, edited by J.A. Smith and W.D. Ross, 5, 698a-714b., Oxford, 1912. 

De Anima. In his Works… translated into English. Edited by J. A. Smith and W. D. Ross. 3, 402a-35b., Oxford, 1931.

Aristotle, regarded as the founder of psychology, meant by anima or psyche the living principle which characterizes living substance.

Hunter gave a great impetus to the study of morbid anatomy; he was the veritable founder of experimental and surgical pathology. He was responsible for the commencement of some of the greatest medical museums; the Hunterian museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England was based on his own private collection; much of it was destroyed during an air raid in World War II. Vol. I of the above work includes Drewry Ottley’s Life of Hunter. A list of the books written by Hunter, and their location in British libraries, was published by W. R. LeFanu in 1946. The biography by Jessie Dobson, Edinburgh, 1969, includes a chronological list of Hunter’s writings. For a detailed analysis of his scientific works within the context of his life see John Hunter…by George Qvist, London, [1981].

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Revised and slightly expanded from Keynes's first edition (6 vols., London: Faber & Faber, 1928-31).

Best English translation of Sydenham’s works.

See Sir Geoffrey Keynes’s Life of William Harvey, Oxford, 1966, (2nd printing, with corrections, 1978) and his Bibliography of the writings of William Harvey, 3rd ed., revised by Gweneth Whitteridge and Christine English, Winchester, St. Paul’s Bibliographies, 1988.

Cullen was the most conspicuous figure in the history of the Edinburgh Medical School during the 18th century. He was an inspiring teacher and was instrumental in founding the Glasgow Medical School in 1744. His clinical lectures were notable as being the first given in the vernacular instead of in Latin.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Hewson was a pupil of the Hunters. In 1769 his memoir on the lymphatics in fishes won for him the Copley Medal of the Royal Society. See also Nos. 863, 1102. The editor of this edition provided a detailed historical introduction, a biography of Hewson and a bibliography of Hewson's writings. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

https://www.wdl.org/en/

"The WDL has stated that its mission is to promote international and intercultural understanding, expand the volume and variety of cultural content on the Internet, provide resources for educators, scholars, and general audiences, and to build capacity in partner institutions to narrow the digital divide within and among countries.^[1] It aims to expand non-English and non-western content on the Internet, and contribute to scholarly research. The library intends to make available on the Internet, free of charge and in multilingual format, significant primary materials from cultures around the world, including manuscripts, maps, rare books, musical scores, recordings, films, prints, photographs, architectural drawings, and other significant cultural materials.^{[2][3][4]" (Wikipedia article on World Digital Library, accessed 01-2017)}

Partners in the World Digital Library project include:^[18]

Contributions by 42 authors.

Bakhtshooa Gondishapoori (also spelled Bukhtishu and Bukht-Yishu in literature) were Persian or Assyrian Nestorian Christian physicians from the 7th, 8th, and 9th centuries, spanning 6 generations and 250 years. The Kitāb Na't al-Hayawān (British Library Or. 2784) is the earliest of extant illustrated Arab and Persian manuscripts on animals.

"Wallace's comments on environment grew more strident later in his career. In The World of Life (1913) he wrote:

"These considerations should lead us to look upon all the works of nature, animate or inanimate, as invested with a certain sanctity, to be used by us but not abused, and never to be recklessly destroyed or defaced. To pollute a spring or a river, to exterminate a bird or beast, should be treated as moral offences and as social crimes; ... Yet during the past century, which has seen those great advances in the knowledge of Nature of which we are so proud, there has been no corresponding development of a love or reverence for her works; so that never before has there been such widespread ravage of the earth's surface by destruction of native vegetation and with it of much animal life, and such wholesale defacement of the earth by mineral workings and by pouring into our streams and rivers the refuse of manufactories and of cities; and this has been done by all the greatest nations claiming the first place for civilisation and religion!^{[129] "(Wikipedia article on Alfred Russel Wallace, accessed 02-2017).}

"...the first detailed analysis of an immensely popular 13th c. Arabic guide for pharmacists, from a time in which Jewish physicians and pharmacists worked alongside Muslim and Christian practioners. Minhāj al-dukkān ("How to manage a pharmacy"), by Abū ʾl-Munā al-Kūhīn al-ʿAṭṭār (fl. 1260) is the first attempt to explore the full spectrum of pharmacy in the medieval Arabic world: identification of the materia medica and methods of preparation; pharmacy's place within the sciences and particularly its relationship with medicine; the social position of the pharmacist and his role in the marketplace and the hospital; the economics of pharmacy; legal aspects of pharmacy; and the image of the pharmacist in literature and drama." 

In English and German.

Schedel's library, mostly preserved at the Bayerisches Staatsbibliothek, is the most extensive and multifaceted surviving private library of a fifteenth-century German collector. According to Schedel's original manuscript catalogue, the library consisted of 623 works in 645 volumes of which about 190 works were on medicine. With numerous fine color plates. Schedel also owned a collection of prints and drawings, described and illustrated in Die Graphiksammulung des Humanisten Hartmann Schedel by Béatrice Hernad (Munich, 1990).

5th ed., 1972.

A comprehensive account of medical care at the Western Front in World War I. Over 21 million military in were wounded in World War I, and nearly 10 million were killed.

Essays on a wide range of aspects of wounds during the Middle Ages, particularly resulting from war and violence, but also those of Christ, from ca. 1000 CE to the 15th century in the West  (England, Ireland, Scotland, and Spain) and also, remarkably, in medieval Mongol medicine.

Probably the first monograph in English on surgery of the head and brain. Yonge was a naval surgeon who set up in practice in Plymouth after he gave up the sea. He had just performed the operation for an injury of the head outlined in the title of his book when a local physician, Dr. Durston, asserted that wounds of the brain were always fatal. To prove this was untrue, Yonge published this book, which includes details of the operation in great detail, followed by extracts from and references to 65 earlier authors, five of whom are English.

Remarkable illustrations in the 1920's "modernizing" industrial style later, made more famous by Fritz Kahn (1888-1968) who got his start by contributing an essay to this work. Günther was the pseudonym of the popular science writer, Walter de Haas.

History of teratology in art from 15th to 18th centuries.

Revised and expanded finely printed edition of a rare book catalogue originally issued by Diana Parikian in association with Bernard Quaritch Ltd.

Aschoff’s theory of the enterogenous origin of appendicitis.

First extirpation of carcinomatous pylorus. Death after 12 hours. German translation in Dtsch. Z. Chir., 1881, 14, 252-60.