Huxley served as assistant surgeon and naturalist aboard the Rattlesnake (1845-50) which made cruises from Australia to Louisiade Archipelago, New Guinea and Cape York. His diary is illustrated with his own drawings.

Order of authorship in the original paper: McDougal, Maddon, Dalgleish. The authors discovered that the T4 lymphocyte cell has an outer glycoprotein on its surface that specifically acts as the receptor for HIV. Without first attaching to this receptor HIV cannot dock onto and penetrate the T4 lymphocyte.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this entry and its interpretation.)

Neander described tobacco, its processing, and medical-pharmaceutical use. His book Includes images of the plants, of Indian, Oriental and European types of pipes, as well as depictions of cultivation and processing by native Americans. Digital facsimile of the 1626 edition from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link. French translation, Lyon, 1626. Digital facsimile of the French translation from Google Books at this link.

In the first case-control epidemiological study of the effects of tobacco Müller recorded a statistically significant correlation between cigarette smoking and lung cancer.  See Alfredo Morabia, "Quality, originality, and significance of the 1939 'Tobacco consuption and lumg carcinoma' article by Mueller, including translation of a section of the paper," Prev. Med., 55 (2012), 171-177. Full text of the 2012 paper from PubMedCentral at this link.

Gives the views of his father, Ernst Horn (1744-1848), on tabes.

Atlee is said to have performed ovariotomy 387 times; with his brother John he firmly established the operation in the U.S.A.

Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link.

Massive and early study of puberty among Europeans, with comparative data including mortality tables. Daignan was especially interested in the plight of urban youth. He concluded his work with tables of life expectancy based on variables of age, constitution, stature, physique, climate and soil, sex, occupation and disease. He reported the survey of 10,000 individuals with respect to mortality according to sex, age and occupation. Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link.

Soemmerring was noted for his accuracy in anatomical illustration, and the above work is a fine example of his artistic sense. For it he selected the skeleton of a well-built girl of 20 years. Great care was taken in selecting the most appropriate posture and the contour of an ideally perfect female body in which the skeleton might be drawn in order properly to observe its proportions.

The 100 plates of this volume contain some of the most accurate and beautiful depictions of human and animal malformations ever published. Text in Dutch and Latin. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

First publication of the very beautiful copperplates engraved by Francesco Valesio after Odoardo Fialetti, a pupil of Titian. Casseri commissioned these plates covering the whole field of human anatomy for his unfinished masterwork entitled Theatrum anatomicum. For this publication, the editor, Daniel Rindfleisch (Bucretius) added another 20 plates by the same artist/engraver team. See No. 61.2.

Atlas of bipartite and double uterus.

Vesalius’ first anatomical publication, consisting of six oversized anatomical charts, resembling fugitive sheets. The three skeletal woodcuts are signed by the artist, Jan Stephan van Calcar, who also acted as the publisher. This is the only publication by Vesalius in which Calcar is specifically credited with authorship of images in Vesalius's works. The other woodcuts were engraved after drawings by Vesalius. Only two complete sets of the original edition exist–one in the Bibliotheca Nazionale Marciana, Venice, and the other in the Hunterian Collection at the University of Glasgow Library, donated by Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, who published a limited edition facsimile of his copy for private distribution (London, 1874). Singer and Rabin, A prelude to modern science, Cambridge, 1946, reproduces the sheets half-size with commentary. A full-size facsimile appears in Vesalius, Tabulae Anatomicae, Munich: Bremer Press, 1934. The woodcuts also appear with commentary in Saunders and O’Malley, The illustrations from the works of Andreas Vesalius, Cleveland: World Publishing, 1950.

A romantic history attaches to this fine collection of plates, drawn by Eustachius himself and completed in 1552. They remained unprinted and forgotten in the Vatican Library until discovered in the early 18th century, and were then presented by Pope Clement XI to his physician, Giovanni Maria Lancisi. The latter published them in 1714 together with his own notes. These copperplates are more accurate than the work of Vesalius. Singer was of the opinion had they appeared in 1552 Eustachius would have ranked with Vesalius as one of the founders of modern anatomy. He discovered the Eustachian tube, the thoracic duct, the adrenals and the abducens nerve, and gave the first accurate description of the uterus. He also described the cochlea, the muscles of the throat and the origin of the optic nerves. Plate XVIII is a drawing of the sympathetic nervous system. Eustachius was the first to describe the ganglion chain, but made the mistake of tracing the origin of the cervical portion to the brain-stem. With respect to dentistry, Eustachi's illustrations of the teeth, related to his Libellus de dentibus (1563-64) were first published in this work.

27 anatomical copperplates after drawings by the most influential painter of the Italian Baroque movement, who also excelled as an architect. The editor, Cajetano Petrioli, supplied the text and small numbered anatomical “figures” in the margins of the plates. The original drawings for the plates are preserved in the Hunterian Collection at the University of Glasgow Library. See J.M. Norman (ed.), The anatomical plates of Pietro da Cortona, New York, Dover, 1986.

Meckel’s work on embryology brought a better understanding of congenital malformations, which had previously been attributed by many to supernatural influence. This work illustrates a number of anomalies and other diseases. It is a supplement to his Handbuch der pathologischen Anatomie. See No. 534.56.

This elegantly illustrated anatomical atlas is regarded as Scarpa’s greatest work. The result of 20 years of research, it includes the first proper delineation of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, hypoglossal, and cardiac nerves, and the first demonstration of cardiac innervation. Scarpa was a skilful draughtsman. He personally trained Faustino Anderloni, the artist who made the drawings and engraved the copperplates for his books.

The splendid series of 40 large copperplates of the bones and muscles in this work were drawn and engraved by Jan Wandelaar (1690-1759). They established a newstandard in anatomical illustration, and remain unsurpassed for their artistic beauty and scientific accuracy. English translation with new engravings of the plates, London, Knapton, 1749. The first extensive biography of Albinus, Punt, Bernard Siegfried Albinus…on “human nature” (Amsterdam, 1983) published the original plans, designs and drawings for Albinus's anatomy.

Clifton argued that physicians should base their judgments about the effects of treatments on a sufficient number of their own observations, or trusted observations by other physicians, rather than on the correlation of treatments with established theory. He recommended that the clinical data should be organized in tables.  Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Bouveret introduced the term “Paroxysmal tachycardia”. Partial English translation in No. 2241.

A Christian physician of Baghdad, Ibn Butlān traveled widely, eventually settling in Antioch. His treatise on hygiene and dietetics, Taqwām al-sihhah (The Almanac of Health) presented a guide to medical regimen in tabular form. It was probably the best-known of his treatises. The first edition in print includes 40 large woodcut borders by Hans Weiditz illustrating plants, animals, fruits, humors, diseases and cookery at the foot of page openings. Albengnefit (Ibn al-Wafid) was a pharmacist and physician of Toledo, where at one time he served as Vizier. He was noted for his rational methods of treatment, preferring to treat by diet, or, when necessary, by simple botanical remedies. This is one of his best known works, dealing with the properties of medicines and beverages. Al-Kindi’s work is on the preparation and dosage of medicines. In it he attempted to apply mathematics to pharmacology by quantifying the strength of drugs. Prioreschi called this the first attempt at serious quantification in medicine.^[2] Al-Kindi also developed a system, based on the phases of the moon, that would allow a doctor to determine in advance the most critical days of a patient's illness.^[3] De Gradibus was translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona in the 12th century.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Gigli’s saw, first used for pubiotomy. German translation, Zbl. Chir., 1894, 21, 409-11.

Of particular relevance to the history of medical literature is Chapter 8: "Mythology, Sexuality, and Science in Charles Estienne's Manual of Anatomy" (pp. 161-188).  This refers to Estienne's De dissectione partium corporis humani (1545). (No. 378)

"In 1994, at the height of the AIDS epidemic in the United States, MK Czerwiec took her first nursing job, at Illinois Masonic Medical Center in Chicago, as part of the caregiving staff of HIV/AIDS Care Unit 371. Taking Turns pulls back the curtain on life in the ward.

"A shining example of excellence in the treatment and care of patients, Unit 371 was a community for thousands of patients and families affected by HIV and AIDS and the people who cared for them. This graphic novel combines Czerwiec’s memories with the oral histories of patients, family members, and staff. It depicts life and death in the ward, the ways the unit affected and informed those who passed through it, and how many look back on their time there today. Czerwiec joined Unit 371 at a pivotal time in the history of AIDS: deaths from the syndrome in the Midwest peaked in 1995 and then dropped drastically in the following years, with the release of antiretroviral protease inhibitors. This positive turn of events led to a decline in patient populations and, ultimately, to the closure of Unit 371" (publisher).

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

In 1975–1977, Blackburn, working as a postdoctoral fellow at Yale University with Gall, discovered the unusual nature of telomeres, with their simple repeated DNA sequences composing chromosome ends.

Introduction of tannic acid in the treatment of burns.

Bettman introduced the tannic acid-silver nitrate method of treating burns.

A study of the dancing mania of the Middle Ages. An English translation (see No. 1678) appeared in 1835.

The most comprehensive biography of Morton, and the most comprehensive account of the ether controversy between Morton and Charles Thomas Jackson.

English translation of Tastsinn, Academic Press, 1978.

The entire set is available in digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link. (Authors and publishers of the Supplements vary.)

Independently of Howarth (No. 3322), Lynch devised an operation for the conservative treatment of sinusitis.

Includes description of the Ferguson operation.

Introduction of teleradiography of the heart.

Böhler introduced several new methods and devised new apparatus for the treatment of fractures. His clinic in Vienna became world-famous. 12-13th ed., 1951.

First successful colostomy.

Cystography. Wittek filled the bladder with air and was able to demonstrate vertebrae and urinary calculus.

Dark field method of diagnosis for presence of T. pallidum.

Splanchnic anesthesia. See also Dtsch. med. Wschr., 1920, 46, 535.

Gigli’s saw adapted for craniotomy. Translation in J. Neurosurg., 1962, 19, 1103.

Groedel invented the first machine for taking serial x-rays.

“Albarran’s operation” – nephropexy.

Introduction of collodion for embedding.

Introduction of calciferol in the treatment of lupus. A more extensive report, “Le traitement des tuberculoses cutanées par la vitamine D₂ à hautes doses”, appeared in the same journal, 1946, 8 sér., 6, 310-46.

Smithwick operation for hypertension.

Torek’s operation for undescended testicle.

Carrel perfected the operation of arterial suture, end-to-end anastomosis of severed vessels with triple-threaded sutures. See also No. 3026.

Lumbar sympathectomy by the antero-lateral extraperitoneal approach.

Ceci was the first to operate on the lines suggested by Vanghetti.

The first book on telemedicine, with contributions by 18 authors, including Kenneth T. Bird. In the final chapter the editors summarize telemedicine programs then operational in the United States. The book also includes an extensively annotated bibliography of significant literature, which at the time included only 17 papers. Bashshur was the lead author.

The first teleoperated surgery. Funded by the U.S. Dept. of Defense, the first prototype of a telesurgery robot was developed at Stanford Research International (SRI) (Menlo Park, CA) and called the Green Telepresence System. It was primarily developed for open surgery.

First teleoperated (robotic) surgery on a patient.

"On March 3, 1997, I successfully performed the first “robotic” laparoscopic cholecystectomy on a 52-year old female patient who suffered from symptomatic cholecystolithiasis.[2] I performed the surgery at some 10 yards away from the patient, while sitting at the master’s console. In the meantime, a second surgeon, Dr. Guido Leman, was standing at the patient’s side to hold the camera and to provide assistance in case of technical mishaps. The effector system consisted of two articulated robot arms to which the sterile tools had been snapped. At the time, the tools consisted of a grasper and a coagulating hook mounted at the end of articulated “endo-wrist” mechanisms that had been introduced inside the patient’s abdomen through conventional trocar cannula’s placed by the first author at the beginning of the procedure. The procedure was performed under guidance of a 3D optical system that required the use of adjusting goggles to obtain an in-depth view of the surgical field.

"Minor problems were encountered, such as imperfect insolation of the hook that had to be covered by the tip of a glove that was tied to the endo-wrist system. The grasper tip (the grasper was actually a needle holder) was found to be too sharp to allow common use. However, the procedure was concluded successfully in 65 minutes, and the patient made an uneventful recovery" (Jacques Himpens, "My experience performing the first telesurgical procedure in the world," Bariatric Times, April 1, 2016).

Erasmus Darwin's last poem, which mainly expounds his theories of evolution. He traces the progress of life form its origin as microscopic specks in premeval seas to its culmination in a civilized human society. The first canto shows life's origin and its evolution from aquatic to land forms. The second deals with reproduction--asexual, hermaphroditic and finally sexual reproduction with all its advantages. The third canto traces the progress of the mind, from its origin as a mere meeting-place of nerves to its present complexity in man. In the fourth canto Darwin descrbies the struggle for existence and the survival of the fittest. The essay-length scientific notes (last 124pp.) contain summaries of theories of spontaneous generation, etc. Erasmus Darwin's theory of evolution has been compared to Lamarckism.

 Simpson's seminal contribution to the modern evolutionary synthesis integrated the facts of paleontology with those of genetics and natural selection.

"Simpson argued that the microevolution of population genetics was sufficient in itself to explain the patterns of macroevolution observed by paleontology. Simpson also highlighted the distinction between tempo and mode. "Tempo" encompasses "evolutionary rates . . . their acceleration and deceleration, the conditions of exceptionally slow or rapid evolutions, and phenomena suggestive of inertia and momentum", while "mode" embraces "the study of the way, manner, or pattern of evolution, a study in which tempo is a basic factor, but which embraces considerably more than tempo."

Simpson's Tempo and Mode attempted to draw out several distinct generalizations:

• Evolution's tempo can impart information about its mode.
• Multiple tempos can be found in the fossil record (bradytelic, tachytelic, horotelic).
• The facts of paleontology are consistent with the genetical theory of natural selection. Moreover, theories such as orthogenesis, Lamarckism, mutation pressures, and macromutations either are false or play little to no role.
• Most evolution—"nine-tenths"—occurs by the steady phyletic transformation of whole lineages (anagenesis). This contrasts with Ernst Mayr's interpretation of speciation by splitting, particularly allopatric and peripatric speciation.
• The lack of evidence for evolutionary transitions in the fossil record is best accounted for, first, by the poorness of the geological record, and, second, as a consequence of quantum evolution (which is responsible for "the origin of taxonomic units of relatively high rank, such as families, orders, and classes"). Quantum evolution built upon Sewall Wright's theory of random genetic drift." (Wikipedia article on Tempo and Mode in Evolution, accessed 03-2017).

Order of authorship in the original publication: Stewart, Ajami, O'Brien....This study confirmed that "breastfeeding was associated with higher levels of Bididofacterium species" (a very desirable organism), and that "infants delivered vaginally had higher levels of Bacteroides species" (another common and very desirable/healthy microbe). 

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

With L. K. Diamond, R. D. Mercer, R. F. Sylvester, and V. A. Wolff.

Osteoplastic flap operation. Wagner’s method of opening the skull made a large area of the brain more easily accessible than by trephining. Translation in J. Neurosurg., 1962, 19, 1099.

By newspaper reporter Nellie Bly, this book was initially published as a series of articles for the New York World newspaper. The book collected Bly's reportage while on an undercover assignment in which she feigned insanity at a women's boarding house, so as to be involuntarily committed to an insane asylum. She then investigated the reports of brutality and neglect at the Women's Lunatic Asylum on Blackwell's Island.  "The book's graphic depiction of conditions at the asylum caused a sensation which brought Bly lasting fame and prompted a grand jury to launch its own investigation with Bly assisting. The jury's report resulted in an $850,000 increase in the budget of the Department of Public Charities and Corrections. The grand jury also made sure that future examinations were more thorough so that only the seriously ill went to the asylum" (Wikipedia). The text and illustrations are available from digital.library.upenn.edu at this link.

Correction to this article in Am. J. Surg., 1939, 44, 534.

Weszprémi proposed preventive inoculation against plague.

The first significant work on music and medicine. The best edition is the French translation by E. Sainte-Marie, augmented with 96pp. of notes: Traité des effets de la musique sur le corps humain. Paris, Brunot, An XI (1803). Digital facsimile of the 1803 edition from Google Books at this link.

The first work on aviation medicine, a pamphlet of 18pp. issued as a thesis for the medical degree, published one year after the first balloon ascent by Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier in 1783. Leulier Duché speculated on ways that ballooning might be used in medicine, quoting an anecdote privately communicated to him by Montgolfier describing the “high” experienced by the aeronauts on a particular ascent.

The Roth–Kvale histamine test for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma.

Book form publication with extensive bibliography and index, reprinted from Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 25 (2003) 132-282.

Oxtetracycline (terramycin).

Second edition in English. Matthew Hay devised a test for the determination of bile acids in the urine, published in vol. 1, p. 381.
Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Born was commissioned in 1776, by Maria-Therese, Empress of the Holy Roman Empire, to inventory and arrange the imperal collection that formed the foundation of the imperial museum, now the Naturhistorische Museum in Vienna. Owing to Maria-Therese's death in 1780 this volume was the only one published. Copies were issued with the plates colored or uncolored. Digital facsimile of an uncolored copy from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Ishihara’s color tests. 15th ed., 1960.

Hyperventilation syndrome.

After ships anchored in Texas City exploded in 1947, injuring and burning some 3,000 persons, the Blockers published a survey of the casualties. For this and other research studies involving trauma and burns the Blockers received the Harvey Allen Award from the American Burn Association in 1971. See also Blocker, V. "The Texas City disaster; pattern of injury in 3,000 casualties," Tex Rep Biol Med. (1949) 7 (1) 22-32.

" ... the first modern chiropodial book. This voluminous work attempted to combine all chiropodial knowledge up to that date, with outline of the basic sciences and the teachings of other medical disciplines. It is an important, if unbalanced work," (Dagnall, The history of chiropodial literature [1965] 181).

This was the first textbook on nursing formally written by a nurse credited on the title page. Digital facsimile of the second edition (1899) from Google Books at this link.

Brunton was physician to St. Bartholomew’s Hospital and an eminent pharmacologist. He is notable for his introduction of amyl nitrite in the treatment of angina pectoris and for a vast amount of other work concerning the action of drugs on the cardiovascular system.

Foster was one of the greatest of the modern teachers of physiology. He became professor at Cambridge in 1883. Many great scientists are numbered among his pupils. See G.L. Geisen, Michael Foster and the Cambridge School of Physiology. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1978.

A collective work and a classic textbook of physiology, edited by Schäfer using the original version of his last name. He was a pupil of Sharpey, and when that great man died without any known descendants Schäfer gave the name to his son, in order to perpetuate it. When Schäfer's son was killed in the war of 1914-1918, Schäfer added it to his own, i.e. Sharpey-Schäfer.

"Of particular interest are the four classic chapters by Charles Sherrington, one on the spinal cord, another on the parts of the brain below the cerebral cortex, yet another on cutaneous sensation, and the fourth on the muscular sense. According to Liddell (1960, p. 135), they were 'unique in the literature of physiology on those topics at the time, for width and accuracy of vision, projected from the past into the future. Now today after more than half a century they are still highly regarded for guidance and refreshment.' Also of great interest are chapters by J.N. Langley on the sympathetic or autonomic nervous system, and by Schäfer himself on the nerve cell and on the cerebral cortex" (Larry W. Swanson).

The first textbook on diseases of African Americans written by African American physicians. The book set the tone for recognizing the importance of race and ethnicity in the evalutation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients, and the need to collect health data according to racial and ethnic designation. 

“The first authoritative book in the field” (Ring). Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Pioneer treatise on sports for the handicapped by the physician who first introduced archery competition as a therapeutic measure for paraplegic war veterans in 1948.

Previously unpublished ancient Greek textes on botany, with French translations. 

In 1912 Garrison was Assistant Librarian of the Surgeon General's Office, U.S. Army.  At the suggestion of Sir William Osler, Garrison prepared this classified listing of medical classics across the full range of the history of medicine. It occupied pp. 89-178 of a volume in the Index-Catalogue. The listing included very few annotations, and those published were exceedingly brief. This listing was the origin of the medical bibliography you are reading today.

Digital facsimile of the separate "reprint" from Google Books at this link.

From publication in fascicules, 1897-1904 (vol. 1 in 3 pts., vol. 2 in 4 pts.) This monumental work set out the cytological and histological foundations of modern neurology. Ramón y Cajal’s research confirmed the neuron doctrine; his classification of neurons provided a histological basis for cerebral localization. His descriptions of the cerebral cortex are still the most authoritative. Illustrated from Cajal’s own drawings. Revised and enlarged French translation, 2 vols., Paris, 1909-10. The French translation was translated into English by Neely Swanson and Larry W. Swanson as Histology of the nervous system in man and vertebrates. 2 vols. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).

Considered the first systematic work on venomous snakes. Describes all the venomous snakes of India. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

His described the atrioventricular bundle which was later named after him. English translation in F. A. Willius and T. E. Keys, Cardiac classics, 1941, p. 695.

A unillustrated pocket guide, issued in duodecimo format on "admiranda" or wonders of nature organized in ten categories (heaven, earth, and topics relating to meteors, fossils or minerals, plants, birds, quadrupeds, insects and bloodless animals, fish, and humans). The work draws heavily from classical sources such as Aristotle, Pliny, and Seneca, but also from the more recent work of Aldrovandi, and the section on plants includes descriptions of the flora and fauna of the New World, as well as tobacco. Each section is headed by an index to its contents. Jonston, born in Scotland, was raised and educated in Poland, and spent most of his life on the Continent of Europe. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Dulbecco shared the Nobel Prize in 1975 with D. Baltimore and H. M. Temin for his discoveries concerning the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell.

"...The book takes as its specific focus seventeenth-century London, in a significant study encompassing the period from the incorporation of the Worshipful Company of Barber-Surgeons (1540) to the staging of Edward Ravenscroft’s adaptation of a French farce as The Anatomist: or, The Sham Doctor (1696). Cregan is concerned with ‘how practices and subjectivities of modernity began to take hold within and across three fields of expertise’ , three concretely interconnected arenas in London:  the dramatic theatre of the playhouses, the anatomy theatre of the Barber-Surgeons, and the exercise of law in the city’s court houses" (http://www.northernrenaissance.org/kate-cregan-the-theatre-of-the-body-staging-death-and-embodying-life-in-early-modern-london-brepols-2009/, accessed 2-2018).

‘It is apparent that by the 1640’s Paracelsian medicine had gained momentum in Italy and that iatrochemical theories were being adopted by a number of Italian physicians. […] In 1644 there appeared the first Italian translation from Paracelsus, made by ... Ludovico Locatelli, who included a version of Paracelsus’ Erklärung über etliche Aphorismen des Hippokrates in his Teatro d’arcani. Unlike Bardi, Locatelli was a fervent Paracelsian; he espoused Paracelsus’ medicine and philosophy, and explicitly rejected traditional medicine. Locatelli, who travelled to Germany in 1642, maintained that chemical reactions took place in the human body that were the same as those produced in the laboratory. Natural bodies contained a subtle and pure spiritual substance that chemists could extract and use for their remedies. Following Bovio, Locatelli attacked Galenists as ignorant and greedy, and promoted a great number of chemical remedies, like arcanum corallinum, tartar, vitriol, mercurius vitae, and aurum potabile, most of them taken from Paracelsus. (A. Clericuzio, ‘Chemical Medicine and Paracelsianism in Italy, 1550–1650’, in M. Pelling and S. Mandelbrote, eds., The Practice of Reform in Health, Medicine, and Science, 1500–2000, 2005, p. 77). Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

The first book on the lives of papal physicians.

Includes historical data. Bauhin was professor of anatomy at Basle.

Parkinson, the last of the old English herbalists, was Apothecary to James I. His massive herbal of 1,755 pages described nearly 3,800 plants, nearly double the number described in the first edition of Gerard. Parkinson was more original than either Gerard or Johnson. Rohde called the Theatrum botanicum the “largest herbal in the English language”. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

The “Theobald Smith phenomenon” was not reported by Smith but communicated by him to Ehrlich. Later Otto published details of the results obtained in his study of the phenomenon.

Reprints text and translation from Martius's 1568 edition with extensive annotations by Bernard, and divergent manuscript readings based on the study of several codices. For an analysis of this Byzantine medical handbook of thereputics see Joseph A. M. Sonderkamp, "Theophanes Nonnus: Medicine in the Circle of Constantine Porphyrogenitus," Dunbarton Oaks Papers, 38, Symposium on Byzantine Medicine (1984) 29-41.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Extensively annotated Greek & Latin edition of this Byzantine treatise on anatomy and physiology, edited by William Alexander Greenhill. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

"The project began as a exhibition in the Basle University Library to commemorate the major anniversaries of the birth and death of Paracelsus (1493–1541). Not only did he work and teach in Basle, but many of his writings were first published there by his followers. Printers like Heinrich Petri and Peter Perna supported the new medicine both for its therapeutics and for its links with evangelical religion. The conjunction of medicine, science and religion was promoted by the presence in the city of many religious exiles, such as Adam von Bodenstein and Guglielmo Gratarolo, who took advantage of willing printers to publish their beliefs in treatises in German and in Latin, the universal language of scholarship. The rise of the university as a bastion of Protestant scientific learning under Zwinger and the Platter family attracted students from all over northern Europe, who took back to their homes the latest products of the Basle presses. All this is wonderfully documented in the Basle Library, whose collections of early printed books, manuscripts and autograph letters are a prime resource for students of sixteenth-century medicine and science. Not surprisingly, the 1993 exhibition was a visual and intellectual feast, and attracted large numbers of visitors.

The small catalogue then took on a life of its own, and expanded in concept and content. The list of imprints by Paracelsus and his followers, the basis for Part 2, nos. 175–210, was extended to cover medicine and science, interpreted broadly to include mathematics, geography and even rhetoric, as well as the role of the printers in supporting, and at times directing, evangelical reform in a godly city. In all, 766 items are listed; 174 in Part 1, covering the period before 1550; 36 in Part 2; 506 in Part 3, non-Paracelsian imprints after 1550; and 10 additions in the Introduction. Excluding the introduction and index, this bibliographical cornucopia runs to 3694 pages, an average of five pages per printed book. When the strictly bibliographical description rarely runs to more than ten lines, and the concluding paragraph giving details of the provenance of each copy (or often copies) usually to less than that, one may wonder how Dr Hieronymus has managed to fill so many pages.

Each entry begins with a short listing of the author, title, place and date of printing, the name of the printer, and the size of the book. This is then followed by a description of the book's contents, composition, history, and significance in the history of medicine and science. Often there are comments about the place of the book in the history of printing in Basle, and the entry ends with a description of exemplars in the Basle Library. Often a reproduction of the title page is given, sometimes in half-page length, but usually full-page, and even as folding plates attached to the inside back cover. But these reproductions range widely to show some of the illustrations, manuscript notes of ownership or commentary, and even some of the manuscript documentation and drafts that reveal the history of the book's publication. No copy of 413, John Caius' very rare edition of some minor works of Galen, 1557, survives in Basle. But in the collections of the Frey-Grynaeum Institute there exists the copy of the fourth of these works, De ossibus, that Caius prepared for his printer, Oporinus. The illustrations show how Caius inserted his corrections into the 1543 Paris edition before sending the volume to Basle. These abundant reproductions provide a remarkable visual resource for the history of medicine and of printing (one illustration, I know, has already helped in identifying a damaged volume in a London library). An electronic version of some of the entries, incorporating still more illustrations, can be found on the Library's website: www.ub.unibas.ch/kadmos/gg/; or via their ‘Virtuelle Bibliothek’ (Handschriften/Griechische Geist)."

"It tells one story if one begins at the beginning, and another if one begins at the end, with the seven indexes that form volume 5. A mere glance at its first six indexes, of dates, authors and titles, printers and their location, addressees, owners, and the composers of commentary, dedications or liminal poems, opens windows onto the early modern republic of letters. But this information is dwarfed by that in index 7, a gallimaufry of names and topics ranging from God and ruins to brain disease, the rhinoceros and the wondrous Johannes Baptista Campofulgosus. As with Zwinger's Theatrum vitae humanae, 1571, the subject of possibly the longest notice in the catalogue, all human life is here. Anyone with an interest in early modern science who looks up any name or word is likely to find unexpected information or a new context for familiar material. But, I suspect, not even 134 pages of double-columned index will reveal everything." (quotations from the review by Vivian Nutton, "Basel, printing, and the early modern intellectual world," Med. Hist. 2007 Apr 1; 51(2): 246–249.

Osler said that Paracelsus was “the Luther of medicine, for when authority was paramount he stood out for independent study”.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

An encyclopedic work containing considerable history and a comprehensive bibliography. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

The remarkable atlas accompanying this work illustrates in remarkable detail all of the various types of dressings, splints and apparatus used in the treatment of fractures at the time.

Wolff observed in great detail the early processes of embryonic differentiation. He disposed of the “preformation” theory, substituting his view that the organs are formed from leaf-like (blastodermic) layers. He thus laid the foundation of the “germ-layer” theory of Baer and Pander. His book includes descriptions of the “Wolffian bodies” and “ducts”. Reprinted 1966.

Stahl tried to explain vital phenomena by mystical means. He was the head of the so-called Animistic School which explained disease as caused by misdirected activities on the part of the soul. A three-volume German translation of the above was published in Berlin in 1831-33.

This work on the human figure, published more than 100 years after the death of Rubens, is one of a handful of anatomical treatises illustrated by an artist of the first magnitude.

Meyer’s theory of narcosis.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

The first medical treatise published in Missouri and the first medical treatise published west of the Mississippi River.

"John Sappington provided medical services, was a financial lender, and imported and exported goods to the Missouri area. He established two stores near Arrow Rock that sold goods, loaned money, processed salt, and milled lumber.^[3] Once he had achieved financial success, Sappington was able to be more experimental with his medical practice. He focused his energy on the bark of the cinchona tree, the substance used to create quinine. Malaria, scarlet fever, yellow fever, and influenza, were prominent along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. Sappington developed a preventative pill using quinine that was soon in demand across the country. It was marketed as an anti-fever pill, but Sappington also instructed some of his relatives to take the pills to prevent malaria.^[3] Most physicians were still treating malaria by bloodletting the patient and administering calomel.^[1] Sappington’s pill to prevent malaria—and also used to cure malaria—was controversial due to its novelty and unfamiliarity.^[4] The pill remained in high demand, however, and many other physicians began to develop their own anti-malaria pills after Sappington published the formula in his medical treatise, “Theory and Treatment of Fevers.”^[5] He is often regarded as the first physician to successfully and effectively use quinine to treat malaria.^[4] "(Wikipedia article on John Sappington, accessed 04-2018).

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Kato made valuable investigations on nerve conduction. A second volume, Further studies, appeared in 1926.

MacArthur and Wilson showed that the species richness of an area could be predicted in terms of such factors as habitat area, immigration rate and extinction rate.

Lillie found that sex steroids in the blood controlled differentiation. "Free-martins, sterile female cows born without sex organs, were a perplexing issue for cattle ranchers. Lillie found that free-martins formed when twins shared the same placenta. The hormones from the male twin would then be shared with the female, stunting the growth of her reproductive system." (Wikipedia article on Frank Rattray Lillie, accessed 3-2020).

Haldane initiated oxygen therapy.

With J. C. Snyder, E. S. Murray, C. J. D. Zarafonetis, and R. S. Ecke.

Banyai combined artificial pneumoperitoneum with phrenic nerve paralysis.

Introduction of microwave radiation therapy. With J. F. Herrick, G. M. Martin.

Torti’s work finally established the specific nature of cinchona bark. His demonstration of its effectiveness in periodic over continuous fevers finally overthrew the doctrine of the common origin of all fevers. He is also credited with the introduction of the term “malaria”.

Includes a valuable bibliography. First published in German, Stuttgart, 1970.

Huchard and Fiessinger suggested that actual drug therapy should be limited to 20 medicaments.

Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction; see also No. 2397.

Introduction of short-wave diathermy.

Mandl was the first successfully to treat generalized osteitis fibrosa by extirpation of a parathyroid tumor.

Frequently reprinted. "Bönninghausen's Therapeutic Pocketbook of 1846 was the first homeopathic repertory to grade individual remedies by their strength of relationship with each symptom, and each other. This so-called von Bönninghausen (or von Boenninghausen)-method has remained in use until the present day. He proposed that disparate symptoms associated with a remedy could be grouped as a single overarching tendency, hence the importance of generalities and modalities in his system of case analysis," (Wikipedia article on Clemens Maria Franz von Bönninghausen, accessed 05-2015). The work was translated into English during its first year of publication as Therapeutic Pocket-Book for Homoeopathic Physicians, to be Used at the Bedside of the Patient, and in Studying the Material Medica Pura, Munster: Coppenrath, 1846. The translation was reprinted, and edited by Charles J. Hempel, New York: William Radde, 1847. 

Frenkel devised certain muscular exercises for use in the treatment of tabes dorsalis.

English translation in von Ziemssen’s Handbook of general therapeutics, Vol. 7, London, 1887.

Phenylhydrazine hydrochloride first used in the treatment of polycythemia.

Riehl was an early advocate of blood transfusion in the treatment of shock after burns.

Described the establishment of the first blood bank (at the Cook County Hospital).

Essays by Alain Touwaide, Jean Pierre Angremy,  Christian Förstel and Grégoire Aslanoff concerning the 10th century Byzantine illuminated manuscript designated as "BnF Supplement grec 247." This spectacularly illustrated manuscript is the only surviving Byzantine illuminated manuscript of these didactic poems.  The Theriaka  concern poisonous bites of snakes, scorpions insects and other animals from the sea, air or land. Nicander provided information in three main categories: physical description and ethology of the poisonous animals, the symptoms of their bites and stings, and finally treatment for poisoning. The Alexipharmaka  consists of 630 verses dealing with poisons absorbed orally from plants, animals and minerals, with a systematic tripartite division concerning the physical description of the solution in which the poison was mixed, clinical symptoms following the poisoning, and enumeration of specific therapies. Spanish text; superb color illustrations. This book was a commentary volume for a deluxe facsimile of the manuscript issued by Moleiro.

A study of the pathology of sunstroke. Wood held the chairs of botany, therapeutics, and neurology at the University of Pennsylvania.

A comprehensive study of mineral waters, dealing with all the spas of the then-known world. Besides exhaustive coverage of the baths of antiquity and of Bacci’s own time, the work gives considerable attention to wines, especially in relation to their medical use. This work was reprinted several times, into the 18th century. Digital facsimile of the first edition from Google Books at this link.

Introduction of the Thermostromuhr, an instrument for measuring the velocity of the blood flow.

Discovery of Thermus aquaticus, a species of bacteria that can tolerate high temperatures. This is one of several thermophilic bacteria that belong to the Deinococcus–Thermus group, and the source of the heat-resistant enzyme Taq DNA polymerase, one of the most important enzymes in molecular biology because of its use in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) DNA amplification technique. Full text available from PubMedCentral at this link. See also Brock, T. D., Thermophilic microorganisms and life at high temperatures. (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1978), and Brock, T. D. "The value of basic research: Discovery of Thermus acquaticus and other extreme thermophiles," Genetics, 146 (1997) 1207-1210.

Probably the most original artist in the history of anatomical preparations, Ruysch enjoyed making up elaborate three-dimensional emblems of mortality from his specimens. These fantastic, dream-like concoctions constructed of human anatomical parts are illustrated in the Thesaurus on large folding plates mostly engraved by Cornelis Huyberts, who also engraved plates for the painter Girard de Lairesse, illustrator of Bidloo's anatomy. In their dreamlike qualities many of the plates depicting the preparations reflected surrealism centuries before surrealism became fashionable. Ruysch's Thesaurus Anatomicus describe and illustrate the spectacular collections of "Anatomical Treasures" which he produced for display in his home museum between 1701 and 1715 using secret methods of anatomical injection and preservation.

Ruysch's unique anatomical preparations attracted many notables to his museum, including Czar Peter the Great of Russia, who was so fascinated with the preparations that he attended Ruysch's anatomy lectures, and in 1717 he bought Ruysch's entire collection, along with that of the Amsterdam apothecary Albert Seba, for Russia's first public museum, the St. Petersburg Kunstkammer. Over the years most of the dry preparations in St. Petersburg deteriorated or disappeared, but some of those preserved in glass jars remain. A few later specimens by Ruysch, auctioned off by his widow after his death, are also preserved in Leiden. Because most of the preparations did not survive, Ruysch's preparations, and his museum, are known primarily from these publications.

Ruysch's methods allowed him to prepare organs such as the liver and kidneys and keep entire corpses for years. He used a mixture of talc, white wax, and cinnabar for injecting vessels and an embalming fluid of alcohol made from wine or corn with black pepper added. Using his injection methods Ruysch was the first to demonstrate the occurrence of blood vessels in almost all tissues of the human body, thereby destroying the Galenic belief that certain areas of the body had no vascular supply. He was also the first to show that blood vessels display diverse organ-specific patterns. He investigated the valves in the lymphatic system, the bronchial arteries and the vascular plexuses of the heart, and was the first to point out the nourishment of the fetus through the umbilical cord. Ruysch's discoveries led him to claim erroneously that tissues consisted solely of vascular networks, and to deny the existence of glandular tissue.

An anthology of 16th century writers; a good summary of the surgical knowledge of that period.

"In addition to digitizing texts, the TLG developed the Canon of Greek Authors and Works, originally a "registry" of all works included or about to be included in the corpus. Over time the Canon developed into an indispensable tool for the study of Greek literature. Luci Berkowitz and Karl Squitier produced the bulk of these bibliographies until the early 1990s, when they retired from the University. The last printed version of the Canon was published by Oxford University Press in 1990. Today the Canon database is is searchable on-line."

http://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/tlg.php

"The Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (TLG®) is a Special Research Program at the University of California, Irvine. Founded in 1972 the TLG® represents the first effort in the Humanities to produce a large digital corpus of literary texts. Since its inception the project has collected and digitized most texts written in Greek from Homer (8 c. B.C.) to the fall of Byzantium in AD 1453. Its goal is to create a comprehensive digital library of Greek literature from antiquity to the present era. TLG research activities combine the traditional methodologies of philological and literary study with the most advanced features of information technology....

"In spring 2001 the TLG-team developed its own search engine and made the corpus available online. Today the Online TLG contains more than 110 million words from over 10,000 works associated with 4,000 authors and is constantly updated and improved with new features and texts. The full corpus is available to more than 2,000 subscribing institutions and thousands of individuals in 58 countries worldwide. As of 2004, the project has been focusing its resources on web dissemination and is no longer licensing the corpus in CD ROM format.

"A subcorpus (Abridged TLG®) together with the extensive bibliographical database developed by the TLG (Canon of Greek Authors and Works) is open to the public. The Abridged version contains close to 1,000 works from 70 authors and uses the same search engine as the full Online TLG version. It provides access to the most important classical authors and a large number of patristic texts.

"As part of its efforts to lemmatize the Greek corpus, the TLG has digitized and made available a number of lexica, most notably the Liddell-Scott-Jones Greek-English lexicon, Cunliffe's Lexicon of Homeric Greek, Powell's Lexicon of Herodotus and more recently the Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität(LBG)."

First published in 1851, this documents literature from ancient times to publication date. Research involved examination of 40,000 works in libraries at Vienna, Geneva, London, Paris and various German locations. Digital facsimile of the 1872 edition from the Hathi Trust at this link.

One of the most popular medical books of the Middle Ages; first written about 1260. After its first printing about 1492 it was reprinted many times in the next 100 years. "Petrus Hispanus was the only practicing physician ever to become Pope (1276-77). By all accounts he was an interim choice when rival French and Italian Cardinals could not elect one of their own nationality. Although not clearly responsible for any major political actions by the Church, Petrus was famous for several centuries after his death because of his secular writings - a text on logic (Summulae logicales) and a handbook on medicine (Thesaurus pauperum). The latter is noteworthy because it contains two sections on coitus - how to enhance the sexual act and how to subdue sexual urges. Promoting coitus seems an odd topic for a medieval Catholic cleric-writer and raises the question as to whether the first section may have been added by a later copyist or editor, but an examination of a very early manuscript of the Thesaurus gives assurance that the two sexual sections were written by Petrus, probably around 1270." (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24585747). ISTC no. ij00242000. Digital facsimile from Biblioteca Corsiniana, Roma (BEIC) at this link.

Demonstration of the human itch-mite, Sarcoptes scabiei. It was due to Renucci that the Sarcoptes was recognized as the one cause of scabies and its parasitic nature finally accepted.

Pasteur reported a series of “investigations into the relation between optical activity, crystalline structure, and chemical composition in organic compounds, particularly tartaric and paratartaric acids. This work focused attention on the relationship between optical activity and life, and provided much inspiration and several of the most important techniques for an entirely new approach to the study of chemical structure and composition. In essence, Pasteur opened the way to a consideration of the disposition of atoms in space.” (DSB)

Classic paper on the prognosis of melanoma. Digital facsimile available from PubMedCentral at this link.

Proof that healthy life and perfect digestion are possible without the presence of bacteria in the digestive tract.

Sydenham has been called the “Father of English Medicine”. His reputation rests on his first-hand accounts of such conditions as the malarial fevers of his times, gout, scarlatina, measles, etc. A better edition of the above (editio altera) appeared in 1846. The original work, printed in 1685, is called editio altera; although no earlier edition is known to exist. An edition of Sydenham’s Opuscula was published in Amsterdam, 1683. See K. Dewhurst’s Dr Thomas Sydenham, his life and original writings., London, Wellcome Institute, 1966. Digital facsimile of the 1844 edition from the Internet Archive at this link; of the 1846 edition from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Limited to 200 copies.

A biographical introduction proceeds Dewhurst's edition of John Locke's transcripts of Willis's lectures from 1663-64 (Bodleian MS Locke f19) and Richard Lower's notes from the 1661-62 lectures in the Robert Boyle papers in the Royal Society.

Hewett introduced a method of continuous aspiration of the thorax for emphysema.

With H. E. Hanson and J. Karnell.

“Semb’s operation”.

A highly useful work, originally published by John L. Thornton (b. 1913) in 1949. This new edition includes the following fully-documented historical essays: P. Jones, Medical books before the invention of printing. D.E. Rhodes, Medical incunabula; Y. Hibbott, Medical books of the sixteenth century. C.R. English, Seventeenth century medical books, P.C. Want, Medical books from 1701-1800, G. Davenport, Medical books of the nineteenth century, L.T. Morton, The growth of medical periodical literature,; J. Symonds, Medical bibliographies and bibliographers, A. Besson, Private medical libraries, R.B. Tabor, Medical libraries of today.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

McDowell was a pioneer ovariotomist. Although not the first to perform this operation, he deserves credit for putting it upon a permanent basis. The above records his first ovariotomy, performed in 1809, together with two later cases. Reprinted in Med. Classics, 1938, 2, 651-53.

Three cases of congenital heart disease recorded. Two plates are opposite pp. 417-18 of the journal.

Infantile scurvy was confused with rickets until Cheadle differentiated between the two conditions.

An edition of just over 1500 medical receipts transmitted in three fourteenth-century compendia. The particular interest of these multilingual compilations lies in their date – earlier than most published receipts – and their showing the three languages of medieval England in vigorous and simultaneous use. There are detailed indexes, including a survey of the medical conditions covered, and the notes provide comprehensive references to analogous receipts in other published collections, so shedding light on the processes of compilation and transmission.

Seddon’s classification of nerve injuries.

Thirty years after beginning his research on hemoglobin Perutz solved the Fourier synthesis of hemoglobin at 2.8Å (high resolution) and built an atomic model of the molecule. With Hilary Muirhead, J. M. Cox & L. C. G. Goaman.

Initial paper on the first solution of the three-dimensional molecular structure of a protein, for which Kendrew shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in chemistry with Max Perutz. Computing the molecular structure in 3 dimensions was possible through the use of the Cambridge EDSAC stored-program electronic computer. Co-authored by G. Bodo, R. G. Parrish, H. Wyckoff, and D. C. Phillips. For further information see the entry at HistoryofInformation.com at this link.

Buerger’s important paper on thrombo-angiitis obliterans gives the first comprehensive report of the clinical and pathological aspects of the disease. Buerger gave the condition its present name; it is also known as “Buerger’s disease”.

McLean extracted from dog liver a substance which retarded blood coagulation in vitro and which, after further work by Howell and Holt (No.905), was named heparin.

Reprints of papers published between 1846 and 1853. Virchow gave the first clear description of thrombosis and embolism (see especially Beitr. exp. Path.,1846, 2,227-380). This work was translated into English by A. C. Matzdorff and W. R. Bell as Thrombosis and Emboli (1846-1856), Canton, MA, 1998.

With J. Stevenson and B. Samuelsson.

Thymectomy for myasthenia gravis. Reported by C. H. Schumacher and – . Roth.

T cell subsets. With R.F. Triplett.

Digital facsimile from itsites.harvard.edu at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

2nd edition, 1965.

Trigeminal nerve resection with conservation of the motor root, for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.

Becker first clearly described Colorado tick fever as a separate entity and suggested that the causal organism was transmitted by the tick, Dermacentor andersoni.

An analysis of all pertinent literature on marine animal distribution. Second edition published as English translation: Zoogeography of the sea (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1953).

First correct electroretinograms.

Lysosomes. With B. C. Pressman, R. Gianetto, R. Wattiaux and F. Appelmans.

A comprehensive ethnography of magico-religious, medicinal, and recreational tobacco use among native South American societies, based on a survey of nearly three hundred societies.

A case-control study proving an association between heavy prolonged cigarette smoking and bronchogenic carcinoma. See also the following paper on pp. 336-38. Reprinted in J. Amer. med. Assoc. 1985, 253, 2986-97.

Grossmann's tomograph was able to image a single slice through the body. He was influential in establishing the word "tomographie" in its radiological context.

Thomsen suffered from muscle weakness and cramps, an issue that all his sons inherited. Realizing that this was a hereditary disease, Thomsen managed to trace the disease for six generations, and found over 20 cases of it in his family. Thomsen was motivated to research this problem when his youngest son was accused of being a malingerer. with respect to military service. It took the authorities almost two months of medical examinations to confirm that the son really suffered from a disease. Thomsen first described the disease, myotonia congenita, in the above paper. The name Thomsen's disease was proposed in 1883 by Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal .

The first major work on the subject since Milne's Surgical Instruments in Greek and Roman Times (1907).

First edition in English. First edition, in Spanish, 1971.

On p. 220 is the description of unilateral oculomotor paralysis combined with cerebellar ataxia, “Nothnagel’s syndrome”.

Digital facsimile from the U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.

The most outstanding American neurological atlas of the nineteenth century and one of the best American photographically illustrated medical books of the period. The atlas reproduces the specimens, which Dalton prepared himself, in natural size.

Fine illustrations of frozen sections. Translated into English by Edward Bellamy as An atlas of topographical anatomy after plane sections of frozen bodies. (Philadelphia: Lindsay and Blakiston, 1877).

Pernkopf's anatomy is remarkable for the intricacy of its detailed images and its "regional stratigraphic" approach, i.e. "multiple layers of dissection with an emphasis on fascia shown and reflected, approaching the subject from superficial to deep dissection in great detail" (Hildebrandt). An Austrian professor of anatomy, Pernkopf joined the Sturmabteilung or Storm Troopers in 1933, and promoted Nazi racial hygiene and antisemitism as dean of the University of Vienna Medical School. As a result 77% of the faculty, including all Jews and three Nobel laureates, were dismissed.

Though Pernkopf's anatomical atlas remains in many ways unsurpassed, it is likely that at least some of the cadavers used for dissections were those of executed prisoners, including Jews. In the early German editions the artists incorporated swastikas and SS insignias into their signatures. By the time the book was published internationally some of the Nazi symbols had been airbrushed out, and the medical community was so enthralled with the illustrations that few bothered to consider their origins or Pernkopf’s past. In their review of the 1963 edition, The Annals of Internal Medicine said it was “magnificently conceived and a finely printed book.” The Lancet wrote “most of the illustrations are outstanding works of art.... it should be in every medical school library.” As late as 1990 JAMA said that it was “a classic among atlases... [and] for all those who have an interest and appreciation of anatomical illustration, and the wherewithal to afford it, this atlas is one of the best” (http://www.codex99.com/anatomy/93.html). A condensed two-volume edition was published in English as Atlas of topographical and applied human anatomy (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1963) and was eventually translated into several languages. Updated editions were published in 1980 and 1988. See Sabine Hildebrandt, "How the Pernkopf controversy facilitated a historical and ethical analysis of the anatomical sciences in Austria and Germany: A recommendation for the continued use of the Pernkopf atlas," Clinical Anatomy, 19 (2006), 91-100.

A romantic and inspirational historical novel about Hippocrates by the great Canadian neurosurgeon.

Discovery of Candida albicans in thrush.

Description of Torula histolytica infection in man, later shown to be identical with Cryptococcus neoformans. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Total excision and replacement by polyvinyl sponge (Ivalon) prosthesis. 

Synthesis of cortisone by Woodward and colleagues. With F. D. Taub, K. Heusler, and W. M. McLamore.

Freud's primary contribution to medical anthropology. First translated into English by A. A. Brill as Totem and taboo: Resemblances between the psychic lives of savages and neurotics (1919). Digital facsimile of the 1913 edition from the Internet Archive at this link; of the 1919 English translation from st.mary-ca.edu at this link. Retranslated by James Strachey in 1950; digital facsimile of the 1950 translation from the Internet Archive at this link.

The Greek text edited by Aristoboulos Apostolis (1465-1536), who became Arsenios, Archbishop of Monemvasia in 1514.  Philes' Greek text was reedited by Joachim Camerarius with Latin translation by G. Bermann and first published in Leizpig by Andreas Schneider in 1575.  Digital facsimile of the 1575 edition from Google Books at this link.

Translated into English by Stanley Hochman as Great voyages of discovery: Circumnavigators and scientists, 1764-1843. (New York: Facts on File, 1983).

Idiotype networks. Jerne shared the 1984 Nobel Prize with Milstein and Köhler for his theoretical contributions to our concept of the immune system.

Levaditi and Vaisman showed that sulfanilamide protected mice against gonococcal infection.

Plenck provided the first classification of poisons based on origin: 1. Animal poisons. 2. Vegetable poisons. 3. Mineral poisons. 4. Poisonous vapors, gases, and dust. Plenck also issued this work in German from the same publisher during the same year as Toxikologie oder Lehre von den Giften und Gegengiften. Digital facsimile of the Latin edition from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

First published in Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medizin 52 (1871 and 57 (1873).

First textbook on endoscopy.

Includes some of the first studies of  the plants and botanic remedies of the New World. Second edition, Tractado breve de medicina (1592). This is an abridgement of manuscripts left in Mexico by Francisco Hernández. See Nos. 1820.1 & 1821.1. Digital facsimile of the 1592 edition from BibliotecaVirtualAndalucía at this link.

Diaz de Isla, a Barcelonese surgeon, wrote of a disease “previously unknown, unseen and undescribed”, which appeared in Barcelona in 1493 and which was obviously syphilis. This is probably the earliest reference to the West Indian origin of syphilis (the writer believed that the disease originated in Haiti) and the book is the chief source of the opinions of those who believe in the American origin of syphilis. Text reproduced with German translation in Janus, 1901, 6, 653-55; 1902, 7, 31-40. Extensively discussed in No. 2430.

Digital facsimile from Bayerische StaatsBibliothek at this link.

This is mainly a translation of Garcia d’Orta’s Coloquios (No. 1815) with the addition of some illustrations. Acosta, a Portuguese Jesuit physician and surgeon, travelled to India where he met Garcia d’Orta. Acosta pioneered the pharmacological study of plants of the East Indies. Asian plants that he described include ginger, cinnamon, pepper, nutmeg, opium and cardamom. The American plants include pineapple, sugar cane, rubber, and the “Indian fig” of Peru. After an account of opium, the work ends with an illustrated treatise on the Indian elephant.

The first detailed history of efforts at blood transfusion. Mercklin was one of the earliest writers to discuss the history, value, dangers, and methods of blood transfusion. He recognized and understood what we now call a transfusion reaction. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Meckel’s graduation thesis contains the first really detailed account of the trigeminal nerve’s distribution (along with a meticulous treatment of the earlier literature), and in it he describes for the first time the pterygopalatine ganglion (Meckel’s ganglion) and the dural recess (Meckel’s cave) that lodges the trigeminal (Gasser’s) ganglion.

Lower was the first to demonstrate the scroll-like structure of the cardiac muscle. He was one of the first to transfuse blood. Chapter III of the above work records how Lower injected dark venous blood into the insufflated lungs; he concluded that its subsequent bright red color was due to its absorption of some of the air passing though the lungs. The British Museum copy of this book bears the signature of Walter Charleton, followed by the date “1668”; it is possible, therefore, that the book actually appeared in that year and not in 1669. Facsimile, with translation, London, 1932.

The first separate treatise on head wounds and their surgical treatment. Berengario described several types of skull fractures and grouped the resulting lesions according to their symptoms, citing the relation between location and neurological effect. The book also discussed apoplexy, meningitis and paralysis.

Lorry is regarded as the founder of French dermatology. A pupil of Jean Astruc, his most important work was his Tractatus, in which he attempted the classification of diseases on the basis of essential relations, their physiological, pathological, and etiological similarities. It was the first modern text on the subject, and the last major work on dermatology to be published in Latin.

The most widely disseminated of all plague tracts from the time of the Black Death, of which 33 printed editions appeared in the 15th century. A French rhymed version appeared in 1476, but this version is very different from the prose, and from the pre-printing manuscripts that are known. The plague tracts from the Black Death represent the first productions of a large-scale public health effort in Europe. ISTC No. ij00015000. Digital facsimile from the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek at this link.

Grünpeck was first to record mixed primary lesions, multiple primary lesions, and to note the second incubation period of syphilis. A translation of the above is in Arch. Derm. Syph. (Chicago), 1930, 22, 430. Digital facsimile from Harvard University Libraries at this link. Harvard describes this as: "Commentary on Brant's poem, De pestilentiali scorra sive mala de Franzos, eulogium, which was first published in Sept. 1496. Cf. Sudhoff, K. Earliest printed lit. on syphilis, p. xxvii. Includes text of poem. Dedication dated Nov. 15, 1496. Printer identified in Voulliéme, E., Die Inkunabeln der K. Bibl. Berlin." ISTC NO. ig00516000. The same printer issued a German translation of this work in the same year:  ISTC No. ig00518000

Of the many great works of Sydenham, this is considered his masterpiece. He clearly differentiated gout from rheumatism. For an English translation, see his Works, published by the Sydenham Society, 1850, 2, 123-84.

Glisson introduced the idea of irritability as a specific property of all human tissue, a hypothesis which had no effect upon contemporary physiology, but which was later demonstrated experimentally by Haller (No. 587).

Swammerdam’s earliest published work. In it he recorded his discovery that the lungs of newborn infants will float on water if respiration has taken place, an important medico-legal point.

Important tracts on the anatomy and physiology of the ear. Cassebohm’s studies of the embryonic ear far surpassed his predecessors, including Valsalva and Morgagni, and were not themselves surpassed until the work of Huschke and von Baer.

Mayow was the first to locate the seat of animal heat in the muscles; he discovered the double articulation of the ribs with the spine and came near to discovering oxygen in his suggestion that the object of breathing was to abstract from the air a definite group of life-giving “particles”. He was the first to make the definite suggestion that it is only a special fraction of the air that is of use in respiration. His Tractatus, embodying all his brilliant conclusions, is one of the best English medical classics. English translation, Edinburgh: The Alembic Club, 1907. Digital facsimile of the 1907 translation from the Internet Archive at this link. Digital facsimile of the 1674 edition from Google Books at this link. In the second edition of the Tractatus quinque Mayow recorded a case of mitral stenosis, probably the first description. Reprinted in his Medico-physical works, Edinburgh, 1907, pp. 295-97.

Sutton named and described alcoholic delirium tremens, differentiating the condition from phrenitis. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

According to Havelock Ellis, Studies in the psychology of sex (1913) this is the earliest published work on flogging in "medicine" and for sexual gratification, giving accounts of a number of examples. "David Savran declared it was the authoritative text on the subject for two hundred years. In it the author, among other things, “rejoice[s]” to know that when someone doing flogging for sexual gratification was found in Germany, they would be burned alive^[2]" (Wikipedia article De Usu Flagrorum, accessed 2-2020). Typically the title of the first edition is incorrectly cited, and the earliest edition of which I have found a digital facsimile is the second edition (Leiden, 1639) from Google Books.

There were numerous editions in Latin. The scholarly physician Thomas Bartholin issued an edition: De usu flagrorum In re medica & veneria, lumborumque & renum officio. Frankfurt: Ex Bibliopolio Hafniensi, 1670. The work was translated into English and published by Edmund Curll as A treatise of the use of flogging in venerial affairs: also of the office of the loins and reins  by John Henry Meibomius; made English from the Latin original by a physician. To which is added A Treatise of Hermaphrodites (by Giles Jacob). London, 1718. This translation was reprinted in 1761 as A treatise of the use of flogging in venereal affairs: also of the office of the loins and reins: Written to the famous Christianus Cassius, Bishop of Lubeck, and Privy-Councellor to the Duke of Holstein. Digital facsimile of the 1761 edition from the U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.