The Nuaulu or Naulu are a tribe located in Seram, Maluku, Indonesia.

"This volume discusses the history and importance of ethnobotany with specific reference to four tribal communities of Odisha, India. It begins with an account of the nature of the tribes involved in the study. Based on participatory fieldwork, it presents an insider's account of the tribal culture and its relationship with plants. It provides the ethnobotanical descriptions of 210 species of plants belonging to 77 families, presenting their local names, origin and the medicinal, cultural, culinary, economic, ecological uses of the species. It takes up study of the plants used by tribes in the drug-based and spiritual healing processes elaborating the philosophies behind knowledge transmission such as divination, hereditary, discipleship and kinship. Related aspects such as disease diagnosis, diet restrictions and rituals are depicted in detail. There is a special chapter on forests and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) that details the efforts of communities in forest conservation, their land-use patterns, forest classification systems, list of NTFPs and their harvest-consumption patterns. It also deals with the role of NGOs, middlemen and government agencies in this" (Publisher).

"The Tohono O’odham ... are a Native American people of the Sonoran Desert, residing primarily in the U.S. state of Arizona and the Mexican state of Sonora. Tohono O’odham means "Desert People." The federally recognized tribe is known as the Tohono O'odham Nation.

"The Tohono O’odham have rejected the former name Papago, used by Europeans after being adopted by Spanish conquistadores from hearing other Piman bands call them this. The Pima were competitors and referred to the people as Ba꞉bawĭkoʼa meaning "eating tepary beans." That word was pronounced papago by the Spanish and adopted by later English speakers" (Wikipedia article on Tohono O'odham, accessed 03-2017). 

Digital facsimile of the 1935 work from the University of New Mexico at this link.

The Reverend Sylvester Graham was an American Presbyterian minister and dietary reformer known for his emphasis on vegetarianism, the temperance movement, and eating whole-grain bread.

"Around 1829, Graham invented the Graham diet, which consisted mainly of fresh fruits and vegetables, whole wheat and high fiber foods, and excluded meat and spices altogether (see vegetarianism). Very fresh milk, cheese, and eggs were permitted in moderation, and butter was to be used "very sparingly".^[8]

"Graham believed that adhering to the diet would prevent people from having impure thoughts and in turn would stop masturbation (thought by Graham to be a catalyst for blindness and early death^[9]:16) among other things. He was a prolific writer and speaker for his cause, which was sternly opposed to "bad habits" of the body and mind. During the 1830s, the diet had a moderate response, mostly from the puritanical faction of the American public. At one point it was strictly imposed on students of Oberlin College by David Campbell (a disciple of Graham's). During the period in which it was enforced, some rebellious students ate off-campus, and at one point a professor was fired for refusing to stop bringing his own pepper for use with his meals. The diet was eventually dropped by the college in 1841 following a public outcry.

"Grahamites, as Graham's followers were called, accepted the teaching of their mentor with regard to all aspects of lifestyle.^[7] As such, they practiced abstinence from alcohol, frequent bathing, daily brushing of teeth, vegetarianism, and a generally sparse lifestyle. Graham also was an advocate of sexual abstinence, especially from masturbation, which he regarded as an evil that inevitably led to insanity. He felt that all excitement was unhealthful, and spices were among the prohibited ingredients in his diet. As a result, his dietary recommendations were inevitably bland, which led to the Grahamites consuming large quantities of graham crackers, a concept inspired by Graham's teachings. White bread was strongly condemned by Graham and his followers, however, as being essentially devoid of nutrition, a claim echoed by dietitians ever since. Some Grahamites lost faith when their mentor died at the age of fifty-seven. Other than the crackers, the Grahamites' major contribution to American culture was probably their insistence on frequent bathing. However, Graham's doctrines found later followers in the persons of Dr. John Harvey Kellogg and his brother Will Keith Kellogg. Their invention of corn flakes was a logical extension of the Grahamite approach to nutrition.

"Grahamism was influential in the vegan movement. Sylvester Graham focused on meat and milk, which he believed to be the cause of sexual urges. In fact, he claimed animal byproducts produced lust; Grahamism thus rejected meat, animal byproducts, and alcohol in order to develop a purer mind and body" (Wikipedia article on Sylvester Graham, accessed 03-2017).

Digital facsimile from the U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.

"Kellogg was not only a physician, surgeon, author, and administrator, but also an inventor. Although less discussed in comparison to his food creations, he designed and improved upon a number of medical devices that aided in his surgical operations and in treatment modalities falling under the term "physiotherapy" that were regularly used at the Battle Creek Sanitarium. Dr. Kellogg attempted to popularize these treatment methods, including electrotherapy, hydrotherapy, and motor therapy, in his work The Home Handbook of Domestic Hygiene and Rational Medicine first published in 1881.^[25]

"As he specialized in certain gynecological surgeries (particularly hemorrhoidectomies and ovariotomies) and gastrointestinal surgeries, he developed various instruments for these operations including specialized hooks and retractors, a heated operating table, and an aseptic drainage tube used in abdominal surgery.^[26] Additionally, Kellogg took keen interest in devising instruments for light therapy, mechanical exercising, proper breathing, and pure water. His medical inventions spanned a wide range of applications and included a hot air bath, vibrating chair, oscillomanipulator, window tent for fresh air, pneumograph to graphically represent respiratory habits,^[26]loofah mitt, and apparatus for home sterilization of milk.^[26] Some of his inventions were even considered fashionable enough to be found in the first class gymnasium of the Titanic^{[27]" (Wikipedia article on John Harvey Kellogg, accessed 03-2017).}

Digital facsimile of the 1885 edition from the Hathi Trust at this link.

"John Harvey Kellogg is best known for the invention of the famous breakfast cereal, Corn Flakes, in 1878. Originally, he called this cereal Granula, which he later changed to Granola in 1881. However, due to patent rights, he had to once again change the name to Corn Flakes.^[19]

"These Corn Flakes were invented as part of his health regimen to prevent masturbation. His belief was that bland foods, such as these, would decrease or prevent excitement and arousal.^[20] Kellogg was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2006.

"John Kellogg and his brother Will Keith Kellogg started the Sanitas Food Company to produce their whole grain cereals around 1897, a time when the standard breakfast for the wealthy was eggs and meat, while the poor ate porridge, farina, gruel, and other boiled grains.^[ John and Will later argued over the recipe for the cereals (Will wanted to add sugar to the flakes). So, in 1906, Will started his own company, the Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company, which eventually became the Kellogg Company, triggering a decades-long feud. John then formed the Battle Creek Food Company to develop and market soy products.

"A patient of John's, C. W. Post, would eventually start his own dry cereal company, Post Cereals, selling a rival brand of corn flakes. Dr. Kellogg later would claim that Charles Post stole the formula for corn flakes from his safe in the Sanitarium office" (Wikipedia article on John Harvey Kellogg, accessed 03-2017).

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link. Digital facsimile of the expanded second edition (1913) from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Tryon, an English merchant, was the author of popular self-help books and an early advocate of vegetarianism. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Digital facsimile of the 1798 edition from the U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link. Digital facsimile of the much-expanded third edition (1810) from Google Books at this link.

The first American textbook of botany. Digital facsimile of the revised 1804 London edition from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link. Reprinted in Richmond, Virginia in 1862 during the American Civil War for the Confederate States Army by J. W. Randolph; digital facsimile of the Richmond edition from the Internet Archive at this link. Also reprinted in Philadelphia in 1862 for the Union Army by J. B. Lippincott; digital facsimile of the Philadelphia edition from the Internet Archive at this link.

According to popular accounts, zombies are innocent victims, raised in a comatose trance from their graves by malevolent Voodoo priests (bokors), and forced to toil indefinitely as slaves. Davis traced the material basis for zombification to a poison that lowers metabolism and simulates death to such an extent that the victim is buried alive, and later resuscitated with an antidote administrated in the graveyard by the bokor. Though the recipes for the poison vary in different parts of Haiti, the key ingredient Wade discovered to be tetrodotoxin, a powerful neurotoxin derived from fish of the order of tetraodontiformes, usually from one of two genera of the puffer fish. Digital facsimile from JSTOR at this link.

First printed edition of Hunayn ibn Ishaq's Arabic translation of Galen's Critical Days (De diebus decretoriis), a founding text of astrological medicine, together with the first translation of the text into a modern language.

Imaginative outline for an utopian city of 100,000 people which Richardson, as public health reformer, hoped would reduce mortality to five per thousand in two generations. Includes details of the laying out of streets - with subway trains beneath - down to their paving and camber. Housing, Richardson planned to be entirely above ground; with impermeable brickwork, but laid with removable wedges that allowed cavity air to be flushed or heated. Interior walls and arched ceilings, Richardson planned to be made of glazed brickwork, allowing the complete interior to be washed down with water. As in other garden cities, Richardson placed factories, sanitation works, abbatoirs, etc. some distance from the city, and trades such as tailoring, shoe-making, lacework, he removed from homes to convenient blocks of offices and workrooms. He planned small, almost portable, model hospitals every few blocks, with the insane, infirm and incapacitated to be cared for in houses indistinguishable from the houses of healthy people. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimiles from the Hathi Trust at this link.

(Now the Natural History Museum, London).

Vol. 1: Libraries; The Department of Botany; The Department of Geology; The Department of Minerals.

Vol. 2.: Separate historical accounts of the several collections included in the Department of Zoology.
       This very extensive volume includes chronologies of accessions and detailed references of the extent and type of specimens obtained from different sources for each category of the museum's collections. It thus represents a kind of history of natural history specimen collecting world-wide up to date of publication. The chapters in vol. 2 are:

1. Mammals by Oldfield Thomas
2. Domesticated animals, hybrids, and abnormalities by R. Lydekker.
3. Birds by R. Bowdler Sharpe
4. Reptiles and Batrachians by G. A. Boulenger
5. Fishes by G. A. Boulenger
6. Insecta by [various authors]
7. Arachnida by R. I. Pococke
8. Myriopoda by R. I. Pococke
9. Mollusca by E. A. Smith
10. Crustacea, echinoderms, peripatus worms, and anthozoa by F. Jeffrey Bell.
11. Protozoa, proifera, hydrozoa, polyzoa, brachiopoda, and tunicata by R. Kirkpatrick.

Vol. 3: Appendix. General history of the Department of Zoology from 1856-1895 by Albert Günther. Digital facsimile  from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

The Baldwin effect. "In evolutionary biology, the Baldwin effect describes the effect of learned behavior on evolution. In brief, James Mark Baldwin suggested that an organism's ability to learn new behaviors (e.g. to acclimatise to a new stressor) will affect its reproductive success and will therefore have an effect on the genetic makeup of its species through natural selection. Though this process appears similar to Lamarckian evolution, Lamarck proposed that living things inherited their parents' acquired characteristics. The Baldwin effect has been independently proposed several times, and today it is generally recognized as part of the modern evolutionary synthesis" (Wikipedia article on Baldwin effect, accessed 04-2017). Digital text of the paper from brocku.ca at this link.

A central text in the development of social psychology in North America; now also considered a pioneering study of adaptive learning, and in this sense a precursor to research in artificial intelligence. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

The Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology was founded by Willi Kükenthal in Berlin, and treated the complete animal kingdom from single cell organisms to mammals in eight thematic volumes: Volume I: Protozoa, Porifera, Colenteratea, Mesozoa (1925); Volume 2: Worms (1933/34); Volume 3: Arthropoda ex. Insecta (1927/1932); Volume 4: Arthopoda: Insecta; Volume 5: Solenogastres, Mollusca, Echinoderma (1925); Volume 6: Pisces / Amphibia (1930); Volume 7: Reptilia / Aves (1931); Volume VIII Mammalia. As knowledge in these subjects increased, all volumes were later broken into several parts, and the set eventually included about 100 printed volumes, with the final volumes appearing in 2005.

In April 2017 a complete list of printed volumes published, including authors, titles, dates, and pagination, was available from degruyter.com at this link. The publishers also announced that:

"Beginning in 2010 the Handbook of Zoology will be restructured and offered additionally as a database (Zoology Online) which can be easily searched and rapidly updated. The eight thematic volumes will be replaced with smaller and more flexible groupings that reflect the current state of phylogenetic knowledge. Faster publication times through online-prepublication, reference linking, forward linking and multimedia presentations will make the Handbook of Zoology highly attractive to both authors and users."

Handbook of Zoology Online was available from degruyter.com at this link.

Moffet's work in nutrition was collected in his book Health's Improvement, which was designed more for the layman than for physicians. It also contains the first list of British wildfowl, recognizing for the first time the migratory habits of many of them. Like Moffet'sTheatrum Insectorum, this work was published posthumously, edited for the press by Christopher Bennet. Digital text available from Early English Books Online at this link. Digital facsimile of the London, 1744 edition "To which is now prefix'd a short view of the author's life and writings by Mr. [William] Oldys and an introduction by R[obert] James from Google Books at this link.

This work was prepared for and dedicated to Lucrezia Borgia by her physician, Bonaccioli, who guided her through 14 pregnancies, the last of which was fatal to both mother and child. The first three chapters concern female genital anatomy, sexual intercourse, fertilization, formation of the embryo, development of the fetus (and infusion of the soul). The final six chapters concern signs of pregnancy, its difficulties and their cures, causes of abortion, vaginal discharge, gestation, the mechanics of birth, midwifery, lactation, care of the newborn, dentition, etc.

This second French edition of Ramazzini's De morbis artificum diabriba by Philibert Patissier provides so much new material on the diseases of workers in France as to virtually double the length of Ramazzini’s text. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

On the evolution of birds and avian flight. Feduccia is best known for his criticisms of the hypothesis, accepted by many paleontologists, that birds originated from and are deeply nested within Theropoda, and are therefore living theropod dinosaurs. "He has argued for an alternative theory in which birds share a common stem-ancestor with theropod dinosaurs among more basal archosaurian lineages, with birds originating from small arboreal archosaurs in the Triassic" (Wikipedia article on Alan Feduccia, accessed 04-2017). 

Fürbringer specialized in avian morphology and classification; he undertook the first major phylogenetic ordering of bird groups based on a large scale study of skeletal, morphological and anatomical characteristics. Digital facsimile of the 2 vols. from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

The first paper on HIV/AIDS, reporting on June 5, 1981 on five cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) seen at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) medical center. PCP was then a rare infection; however, the lead author of the paper, Michael Gottlieb, had seen five cases of this infection since January 1981, all in previously healthy young homosexual men, indicating that their immune system was not working. (Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference.)

Order of authorship in the original paper: Nahmias, Weiss, Yao...Kanki, Essex. The authors presented evidence for the first or earliest infection with HIV in a human. This paper reported on a patient from Kinshasa, Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo), Africa, now known to be the epicenter of this zoonotic pandemic. The patient also had antibodies to the African Green monkey immunodeficiency virus, providing pivotal support for the simian immunodeficiency virus origins of HIV, an aspect of HIV later confirmed.

The first application of radioactive tracers in biological studies. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link. Hevesy received the 1943 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes."

First application of radioactive tracers in animals, specifically rabbits and guinea pigs. See also Hevesy et al, "Radiochemical method of studying the circulation of bismuth in the body," C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 178 (1924) 1324.

Tobacco mosaic virus was the first virus isolated and crystallized.

Seidlin and Marinelli described the first successful treatment of a patient with thyroid cancer metastases using radioiodine (I-131). This paper demonstrated the potential of nuclear medicine as a medical specialty.

Isolation of the metastable isotope technetium-99m, the most commonly used medical radioistope, used in tens of millions of medical diagnostic procedures annually. Segrè discovered the first artifical element Technetium in December 1936.

Discovery of artificially produced radionuclides or radioisotopes. In February 1934, the Joliot-Curies reported the first artificial production of radioactive material after discovering radioactivity in aluminum foil that was irradiated with a polonium preparation." Also published in English as "Artificial production of a new kind of radioelement," Nature, 133 (1934) 201.

This work was Banjamin Franklin's personal favorite of the works printed by him, and is one of the finest books to emanate from a Colonial American press. It was the first classical text printed in North America, and the translation was by Franklin's friend James Logan. The work's genesis was in in the winter of 1741-2, when a trial sheet was sent to Logan, but more pressing printing work (in particular, the many religious pamphlets of 1743-4) obtruded. With the arrival from London of David Hall, Franklin had leisure to complete the book, which went on sale in mid-March, 1744. It contains an introduction by Franklin entitled, "The printer to the reader." Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Revised and edited by Michael Moore as Healing herbs of the upper Rio Grande: Traditional medicine of the Southwest (Sante Fe: Western Edge Press, 1997).

Digital facsimile from swsbm.com at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from swsbm.com at this link.

First printed edition in Latin of Galen's De anatomicis administrationis, as translated from the Greek by Demetrios Chalkokondyles under the title De anatomicis aggressionibus. Other works in this collection edited by Berengario da Carpi are De motu musculorum translated by Niccolò Leoniceno, De arteriarum et venarum dissectione and De nervorum dissectione translated by Andrea Fortolo, and De hirundinibus, etc. translated by Ferdinando Balamio Siculo. Digital facsimile from Biusante.parisdescartes.fr at this link.

Huxley proposed a close relationship between birds and dinosaurs after the discovery in Germany of the primitive fossil bird Archaeopteryx. He made detailed comparisons of Archaeopteryx with various prehistoric reptiles and found that it was most similar to dinosaurs like Hypsilophodon and Compsognathus. Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

English translation of the six-book version of Frederick's work, edited, with numerous appendices, illustrations, and an annotated bibliography of ancient, medieval and modern falconry, by Casey A. Wood and F. Marjorie Fyfe. 

Probably the first book specifically on the skin diseases of the feet, including the functions and nature of the skin of the feet and the manner in which perspiration takes place in the feet. Nothing is known regarding the author; even his first name is unknown. He may have been an army surgeon as he pays particular attention to the feet of soldiers.  Digital facsimile of the 1845 second edition from the Internet Archive at this link.

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/consortium/index.html

"Welcome to the History of Medicine Finding Aids Consortium, a discovery tool providing keyword search services across a union catalog of finding aids describing archival collections broadly related to the history of medicine and its allied sciences. We currently index over 8,000 finding aids from 48 special collections and archival repositories throughout the U.S.

The Consortium leads you to the rich primary source information found in historical documents, personal papers, business records, and more. Finding aids provide contextual information about these collections, often with detailed inventories, to help researchers locate relevant materials.

Links to finding aids direct users to web sites hosted by the participating institutions. All questions regarding the collection contents should be directed to the owning institution."

Includes the correspondence and previously unpublished manuscripts. A description of this set is available from the publisher at this link.

Digital facsimiles from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

This is an ongoing project with many volumes and many editors and several publishers. The number of volumes already published, and planned volumes was unclear in May 2017 when I wrote this entry. Further information is available from vallisneri.it at this link.

https://history.nih.gov/

"The Office of NIH History at the National Institutes of Health exists to advance historical understanding of biomedical research within the NIH and the world. Through preserving records of significant NIH achievements, innovative exhibits, and educational programs, the Office of NIH History explores the past to enhance present understanding of the health sciences and the National Institutes of Health."

Of special online interest are the various virtual exhibits available at: https://history.nih.gov/exhibits/nirenberg/index.htm

The site also offers many oral histories available at https://history.nih.gov/archives/oral_histories.html#a

Text in Chinese and English. A very accessible illustrated popularization— almost in the style of a comic book— of the Yellow Emperor's classic.

Caelius's / Soranus's Treatise on acute diseases, edited by Johannes Guinter von Andernach. From a clinical point of view, the two works of Caelius Aurelianus, which were translated into Latin from Greek originals by Soranus of Ephesus that were later lost, represent the high-point of Graeco-Roman medical achievement. Soranus (fl. circa 150 CE), was the chief representative of the methodic school of medicine. Besides his writings on gynecology and obstetrics that survived, Soranus left works on chronic and acute maladies—Tardae or Chronicae passiones, in five books, and Celeres or Acutae passiones in three books, which were preserved through Caelius's translations. The Latin translations show that Soranus possessed considerable practical skill in the diagnosis of both ordinary and exceptional diseases. The translations are also important for their references to the methods of earlier medical authorities. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

This critical edition, based upon the 1601 edition, the last edition published in Mercuriale's lifetime, includes the Latin text and English translation, reproductions of the woodcuts attributed to Coriolan and the original drawings by Pirro Ligorio for the illustrations, a full bibliography of Mercuriale's writings, translator's notes, and Jean-Michel Agasse's, "Girolamo Mercuriale—Humanism and physical culture in the Renaissance", a treatise of about 150 pages.

"The article describes a series of experiments conducted to explore how yellow fever is propagated from individual to individual and how the contagium is spread within households. The study was conducted in an experimental sanitary station in Cuba, where exposures and movements could be completely controlled. During the investigation, 12 nonimmune persons underwent different exposures, including mosquitoes that had fed on yellow fever patients, blood from infected patients, and fomites belonging to infected patients.

"The study provided the following observations: (1) Aedes aegypti mosquitoes transferred the disease from an infected individual to a nonimmune person; (2) at least 12 days were needed for the extrinsic incubation period in the mosquito before it could transmit the infection; (3) yellow fever can be transferred to a nonimmune person from the blood of an infected individual taken during the first 2 days of the illness; (4) a filterable agent was responsible for infection; (5) the incubation period for humans ranged between 2 and 6 days; and (6) yellow fever cannot be transmitted by fomites nor spread in a house without the presence of mosquitoes. The most significant conclusion was that the 'spread of yellow fever can be most effectually controlled by measures directed to the destruction of mosquitoes' " (http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/182442, accessed 05-2017).

A convenient compilation of the work of Reed and his associates, including the work of James Carroll published after the death of Walter Reed. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

A multi-disciplinary account from the perspectives of the history of the slave trade, the anti-slavery movement and medical history, of the voyage of the Hankey, a small British ship that circled the Atlantic in 1792-93, causing a pandemic of yellow fever. The voyage was originated by a group of high-minded British colonists who planned to establish a colony free of slavery in West Africa. When the colony failed the ship set sail from Africa for the Caribbean and the North America, carrying, as was later understood, mosquitoes from Africa infected with yellow fever virus. The Hankey traveled from one port to the next, spreading yellow fever, leading to the death of tens of thousands of people in Philadelphia, New York, Boston, and Charleston.

First collected edition, in English translation, published by the Bollingen Foundation created by Paul and Mary Mellon. Vol. 19, General bibliography, was revised and brought up to date for a second edition in 1990. Vol. 20 is a general index to the 18 textual volumes in the set. See the Wikipedia article on The Collected Works of C. G. Jung.

Probably one of the first books on the medical aspects of this particular subject. "In this lecture it will be our purpose, first to describe the various ordeals which befall men after their ship has been lost, the clinical effect of these privations, and the physiological problems entailed; and secondly to consider the possible measures for the alleviation of the vicissitudes in question" (p. 2). Critchley discusses "the hazards and their attendant effects under the following heads: (1) excessive cold and wet, with their general and local effects; (2) thirst due to inadequate water supply; (3) inanition and hunger, from inadequate food; (4) tropical conditions; and (5) the psychological effects of cumulated mental and physical distress" (p.4).

Freud's primary contribution to medical anthropology. First translated into English by A. A. Brill as Totem and taboo: Resemblances between the psychic lives of savages and neurotics (1919). Digital facsimile of the 1913 edition from the Internet Archive at this link; of the 1919 English translation from st.mary-ca.edu at this link. Retranslated by James Strachey in 1950; digital facsimile of the 1950 translation from the Internet Archive at this link.

Mills headed the first 24/7 year-round emergency care center in the U.S. established at Alexandria Hospital, Virginia, in 1961. This method of staffing a 24/7 emergency medical facility became known as the "Alexandria Plan." 

This book, which extends to nearly 1200 pages, and represents the work of numerous experts, is the most comprehensive modern treatise on the subject of which I am aware.

Of particular interest for the introductory chapter 2 on pain produced in surgical operations and chapter 3 on the history of the understanding and attempts at treatment of pain, surgical and otherwise, before ether and chloroform. Chapter 19 concerns the legal aspects of anesthesia. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Reprinted with a new introduction by Kenneth R. Foster, Mary F. Jenkins, and Anna Coxe Toogood (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993).

Text in English and French on facing pages. Digital facsimile from the Medical Heritage Library, Internet Archive at this link.

"explores the links among ecology, disease, and international politics in the context of the Greater Caribbean - the landscapes lying between Surinam and the Chesapeake - in the seventeenth through early twentieth centuries. Ecological changes made these landscapes especially suitable for the vector mosquitoes of yellow fever and malaria, and these diseases wrought systematic havoc among armies and would-be settlers. Because yellow fever confers immunity on survivors of the disease, and because malaria confers resistance, these diseases played partisan roles in the struggles for empire and revolution, attacking some populations more severely than others. In particular, yellow fever and malaria attacked newcomers to the region, which helped keep the Spanish Empire Spanish in the face of predatory rivals in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. In the late eighteenth and through the nineteenth century, these diseases helped revolutions to succeed by decimating forces sent out from Europe to prevent them"(publisher).

Published in French, German and English. The first 4 vols. describe the Palaearctic fauna and vols. 5–16 describe the exotic fauna (Volums 1–4, Palaearctic fauna, with 4 supplements; Vols. 5–8, American fauna; Vol. 9–12, Indo-Australian fauna; Vols. 13–16, African fauna). The colored plates were printed by 10–14 color lithography. 

"Band 1: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen Tagfalter, 1909, 379 Seiten, mit 89 kolorierten Tafeln (3470 Figuren)

Band 2: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen Spinner und Schwärmer, 1912–1913

Band 3: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen eulenartigen Nachtfalter, 1914

Band 4: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die spannerartigen Nachtfalter, 1915

Band 5: Abt. 2, Die exotischen Großschmetterlinge, Die Großschmetterlinge des amerikanischen Faunengebietes, 1907

Band 6: Abt. 2, Die exotischen Großschmetterlinge, Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwärmer, 1940, 1327 Seiten, 198 Tafeln

Band 7: Abt. 2, Die exotischen Großschmetterlinge, Die amerikanischen Eulen, 1923, 508 Seiten, 87 Tafeln

Band 8: Abt. 2, Die exotischen Großschmetterlinge, Die amerikanischen Spanner, 1907, 144 Seiten, 16 Tafeln

Band 9: Abt. 2, Die exotischen Großschmetterlinge, Die indo-australischen Tagfalter, 1927, 1197 Seiten 177 Tafeln

Band 10: Abt. 2, Die exotischen Großschmetterlinge, Die indo-australischen Spinner und Schwärmer, 1933, 847 Seiten, 104 Tafeln

Band 11: Abt. 2, Die exotischen Großschmetterlinge, Die indo-australischen eulenartigen Nachtfalter, 1924, 1141 Seiten, 203 Tafeln

Band 12: Abt. 2, Die exotischen Großschmetterlinge, Die indo-australischen Geometridae

Band 13: Abt. 2, Die exotischen Großschmetterlinge, Die afrikanischen Tagfalter, 1925, 613 Seiten, 80 Tafeln

Band 14: Abt. 2, Die exotischen Großschmetterlinge, Die afrikanischen Spinner und Schwärmer, 1925–1930, 80 Tafeln

Band 15: Abt. 2, Die exotischen Großschmetterlinge, Die afrikanischen eulenartigen Nachtfalter, 286 Seiten, 41 Tafeln

Band 16: Abt. 2, Die exotischen Großschmetterlinge, Die afrikanischen spannerartigen Nachtfalter, 1929, 160 Seiten, 18 Tafeln

Band 1, Supplement: Die palaearktischen Tagfalter,

Band 2, Supplement: Die palaearktischen Spinner und Schwärmer

Band 3, Supplement: Die palaearktischen eulenartigen Nachtfalter

Band 4, Supplement: Die spannerartigen Nachtfalter

Authors contributing to the series besides Adalbert Seitz were: Karl Jordan, Julius Rober, William Warren, Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius, Louis Beethoven Prout, Hans Fruhstorfer, Max Gaede, Thomas Lehmann, Richard Haensch, Gustav Weymer, Theodor Lehmann, Max Wilhelm Karl Draudt, Hans Stichel, Jules Paul Mabille, Eugen Wehrli, Max Bartel, Erich Martin Hering, Embrik Strand, Karl Grünberg, William Schaus, Walter Rothschild, Bruno Gehlen."(Wikipedia article on Adalbert Seitz, accessed 05-2017).

Digital facsimiles from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link and at this link. 

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Revised and slightly expanded from Keynes's first edition (6 vols., London: Faber & Faber, 1928-31).

Reprints selected portions of the 1913 A. A. Brill translation together essays by Masson and excerpts from Jung, Lacan, and Horney. Includes many full page or double-page color reproductions of works by modernist and surrealist artists; Masson's sidebars appear as booklets “hidden” in the full-spread artwork.

First edition of the collected works of Aristotle with the commentaries of Averroes, by which Aristotle was mainly studied during the Middle Ages. The purpose of Vernia's edition was to provide an accurate edition of Averroes's commentaries. These were first printed in Padua, 1472-1473. As usual, various different translators were involved in this collected edition, and a few texts by authors other than Aristotle were added. The 8 parts of the set were: